Synopsis

Historically a niche segment of the wider wireless telecommunications industry, private cellular networks – also referred to as NPNs (Non-Public Networks) in 3GPP terminology – have rapidly gained popularity in recent years due to privacy, security, reliability and performance advantages over public mobile networks and competing wireless technologies as well as their potential to replace hardwired connections with non-obstructive wireless links. With the 3GPP-led standardization of features such as MCX (Mission-Critical PTT, Video & Data), URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications), TSC (Time-Sensitive Communications), RedCap (Reduced Capability) for IIoT (Industrial IoT), NTN (Non-Terrestrial Network) connectivity, SNPNs (Standalone NPNs), PNI-NPNs (Public Network-Integrated NPNs) and network slicing, private networks based on LTE and 5G technologies have gained recognition as an all-inclusive connectivity platform for critical communications, Industry 4.0 and enterprise transformation-related applications. Traditionally, these sectors have been dominated by LMR (Land Mobile Radio), Wi-Fi, industrial Ethernet, fiber and other disparate networks.

The liberalization of spectrum is another factor that is accelerating the adoption of private LTE and 5G networks. National regulators across the globe have released or are in the process of granting access to shared and local area licensed spectrum. Examples include the three-tiered CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service) spectrum sharing scheme in the United States, Canada's NCL (Non-Competitive Local) licensing framework, Germany's 3.7-3.8 GHz and 28 GHz licenses for 5G campus networks, United Kingdom's shared and local access licensing model, Ireland's planned licensing regime for local area WBB (Wireless Broadband) systems, France's vertical spectrum and sub-letting arrangements, Spain's reservation of the 2.3 GHz and 26 GHz bands for self-provisioned local networks, Netherlands' 3.5 GHz licenses for plot-based networks, Switzerland's NPN spectrum assignment in the 3.4-3.5 GHz band, Belgium’s authorization of 3.8-4.2 GHz spectrum for private networks, Finland's 2.3 GHz and 26 GHz licenses for local 4G/5G networks, Sweden's 3.7 GHz and 26 GHz permits, Norway's regulation of local networks in the 3.8-4.2 GHz band, Poland's spectrum assignment for local government units and enterprises, Slovenia's allocation of 2.3 MHz and 3.6 GHz frequencies for local networks, Moldova’s assignment of 3.8-4.2 GHz spectrum, Bahrain's private 5G network licenses, Japan's 4.6-4.9 GHz and 28 GHz local 5G network licenses, South Korea's e-Um 5G allocations in the 4.7 GHz and 28 GHz bands, Taiwan's provision of 4.8-4.9 GHz spectrum for private 5G networks, Hong Kong's LWBS (Localized Wireless Broadband System) licenses, Australia's apparatus licensing approach, and Brazil's SLP (Private Limited Service) licenses. Vast swaths of globally and regionally harmonized license-exempt spectrum are also available worldwide that can be used for the operation of unlicensed LTE and 5G NR-U equipment for private networks. In addition, dedicated national spectrum in sub-1 GHz and higher frequencies has been allocated for specific critical communications-related applications in many countries.

LTE and 5G-based private cellular networks come in many different shapes and sizes, including isolated end-to-end NPNs in industrial and enterprise settings, local RAN equipment for targeted cellular coverage, dedicated on-premise core network functions, virtual sliced private networks, secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) platforms for critical communications, and wide area networks for application scenarios such as PPDR (Public Protection & Disaster Relief) broadband, smart utility grids, railway communications and A2G (Air-to-Ground) connectivity. However, it is important to note that equipment suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists, mobile operators, and other ecosystem players have slightly different perceptions as to what exactly constitutes a private cellular network. While there is near universal consensus that private LTE and 5G networks refer to purpose-built cellular communications systems intended for the exclusive use of vertical industries and enterprises, some industry participants extend this definition to also include other market segments – for example, 3GPP-based community and residential broadband networks deployed by non-traditional service providers. Another closely related segment is neutral host infrastructure for shared or multi-operator coverage enhancement in indoor environments or underserved outdoor areas.

Despite the somewhat differing views on market definition, one thing is clear – private LTE and 5G networks are continuing their upward trajectory with deployments targeting a multitude of use cases across various industries. These range from localized wireless systems for dedicated connectivity in factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, offshore wind farms, oil and gas facilities, construction sites, maritime ports, airports, hospitals, stadiums, office buildings and university campuses to regional and nationwide sub-1 GHz private wireless broadband networks for utilities, FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System)-ready networks for train-to-ground communications and hybrid government-commercial public safety LTE networks. Custom-built cellular networks have also been implemented in locations as remote as Antarctica, and there are even plans for installations on the moon's surface and outer space.

The expanding influence of the private LTE and 5G network market is evident from the use of both permanent networks and portable network-in-a-box systems for professional TV broadcasting, enhanced fan engagement, and gameplay operations at major sports events, including the Formula One Australian Grand Prix, Sukma Games, Paris Summer Olympics, UEFA European Football Championship, North West 200 Motorcycle Race, World Rowing Cup, SailGP, PGA Championship, UFL (United Football League), MLB (Major League Baseball), and NFL (National Football League), as well as the Republican and Democratic National Conventions in the lead-up to last year's United States presidential election. Rapidly deployable 5G networks have also been utilized for enhanced communications in recent military exercises such as the U.S. Marine Corps' Steel Knight and service-level training exercises, the JGSDF's (Japan Ground Self-Defense Force) Nankai Rescue disaster response training drill, and the Portuguese Navy-led REPMUS experimentation exercise.

Other examples of high-impact private LTE/5G engagements include but are not limited to multi-site, multi-national private cellular deployments at the industrial facilities of Airbus, Anglo American, BHP, BMW, Boliden, BP, Chevron, Ford, Glencore, Hyundai, Jaguar Land Rover, John Deere, LG Electronics, Lufthansa, Midea, Newmont, Rio Tinto, Tesla, Toyota, Vale, Volkswagen, Walmart, and several other household names and industrial giants; service territory-wide private wireless projects of 450connect, Ameren, CPFL Energia, ESB Networks, Evergy, LCRA (Lower Colorado River Authority), Neoenergia, PGE (Polish Energy Group), SCE (Southern California Edison), SDG&E (San Diego Gas & Electric), Tampa Electric, Xcel Energy, and other utility companies; local wireless networks at the power plants of EDF, Enel, KHNP (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power), and Kyushu Electric Power; Aramco's (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) 450 MHz 3GPP network project and ADNOC's (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company) 11,000 square kilometer private 5G network for connecting thousands of remote wells and pipelines; defense sector 5G programs for the adoption of tactical cellular systems and permanent private 5G networks at military bases in the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Qatar, Japan, South Korea, and Australia; and offshore private 5G networks for diverse use cases, from IoT and remote worker connectivity in oil rigs, wind farms, and vessels to European efforts for securing critical infrastructure in the North Sea.

Private wireless small cells are also gaining recognition as a cost-effective alternative to DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) for delivering neutral host cellular coverage in both carpeted enterprise spaces and industrial facilities, whereby staff and visitors gain access to public mobile operator networks from a private network. This trend is particularly prevalent in the United States where private network-based neutral host deployments include Tesla, Toyota, and Cummins’ production sites, Meta's corporate offices, City of Hope Hospital, SHC (Stanford Health Care), Sound Hotel, Gale South Beach Hotel, Gale Hotel & Residences (formerly Natiivo Miami), Nobu Hotel, ASU (Arizona State University), Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University), University of Virginia, Duke University, and Parkside Elementary School.

SNS Telecom & IT estimates that global spending on private LTE and 5G network infrastructure for vertical industries will grow at a CAGR of approximately 22% between 2025 and 2028, eventually exceeding $7.2 Billion by the end of 2028. More than 70% of these investments – an estimated $5.1 Billion – will be directed towards the buildout of standalone private 5G networks, which will become the predominant wireless communications medium to support the ongoing Industry 4.0 revolution for the digitization and automation of manufacturing and process industries. This unprecedented level of growth is likely to transform private LTE and 5G networks into an almost parallel equipment ecosystem to public mobile operator infrastructure in terms of market size by the late 2020s. By 2030, private networks could account for as much as a fourth of all mobile network infrastructure spending.

The “Private LTE & 5G Network Ecosystem: 2025 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies, Industry Verticals & Forecasts” report presents an in-depth assessment of the private LTE and 5G network ecosystem, including the value chain, market drivers, barriers to uptake, enabling technologies, operational and business models, vertical industries, application scenarios, key trends, future roadmap, standardization, spectrum availability and allocation, regulatory landscape, case studies, ecosystem player profiles and strategies. The report also presents global and regional market size forecasts from 2025 to 2030. The forecasts cover three infrastructure submarkets, two technology generations, four spectrum licensing models, 16 vertical industries and five regional markets.

The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report, as well as a database of over 7,800 global private LTE/5G engagements – as of Q2’2025.

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Summary of Private LTE/5G Engagements

Some of the existing and planned private LTE and 5G engagements are summarized below:

• Agriculture: Private cellular network installations in the agriculture industry range from custom-built 250 MHz LTE networks that provide wide area cellular coverage for agribusiness machinery, vehicles, sensors, and field workers in Brazil to more localized LTE and 5G networks for application scenarios such as crop sensing, remote-controlled tractors, autonomous patrol robots, video monitoring, and AI (Artificial Intelligence)-enabled image analytics in support of precision farming, Wagyu beef production, and poultry processing in the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Taiwan, and other markets.

• Aviation: Private LTE and 5G networks have been implemented or are being deployed to support internal operations at some of the busiest international and domestic airports, including Calgary, San Francisco Bay Oakland, Las Vegas Harry Reid, DFW (Dallas Fort Worth), Dallas Love Field, MSP (Minneapolis-St. Paul), Chicago O'Hare, Newark Liberty, Miami, London Heathrow, Teesside, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Orly and Le Bourget, Frankfurt, Cologne Bonn, Brussels, Amsterdam Schiphol, Vienna, Athens, Oslo, Helsinki, San Sebastián, Vasil Levski Sofia, Bahrain, Dubai, Hong Kong, Shanghai Pudong and Hongqiao, Tokyo Narita, and Kuala Lumpur. Lufthansa, Etihad, Delta Air Lines, and JAL (Japan Airlines) are leveraging private 5G networks for aircraft maintenance operations, while ANA (All Nippon Airways) is harnessing local 5G connectivity to enhance the effectiveness of aviation training. In addition, national and cross-border A2G networks for in-flight broadband and critical airborne communications are also beginning to gain significant traction.

• Broadcasting: CNN (Cable News Network), FOX Sports, BC Live Productions, BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), BT Media & Broadcast, RTÈ (Raidió Teilifís Éireann), QTV (Quipu TV Limited), Timeline Television, France Télévisions, BR (Bayerischer Rundfunk), RTL Deutschland, Media Broadcast, SWR (Südwestrundfunk), WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln), RTBF (Belgian Radio-Television of the French Community), RTVE (Radiotelevisión Española), SVT (Sveriges Television), NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation), TV 2, Yle (Yleisradio), ATM Grupa, TVBS, TBN (Trinity Broadcasting Network), WOWOW, CMG (China Media Group), Saga TV, RTM (Radio Televisyen Malaysia), and several other broadcast players are utilizing private cellular networks – both temporary and fixed installations – to support live production and other use cases from locations where wired cabling is impractical. OTT (Over-the-Top) streaming service providers such as DAZN and U-Next are also increasingly relying on portable 5G networks for real-time video distribution during sports events.

• Construction: Mortenson, Ferrovial, BAM Nuttall (Royal BAM Group), Fira (Finland), Kolon Global, Hazama Ando Corporation, Kumagai Gumi, Obayashi Corporation, Shimizu Corporation, Taisei Corporation, Takenaka Corporation, CSCEC (China State Construction Engineering Corporation), Hoban Construction, Hip Hing Engineering, Gammon Construction, and Hyundai E&C (Engineering & Construction) are notable examples of companies that have employed the use of private LTE and 5G networks to enhance productivity and worker safety at construction sites.

• Education: Higher education institutes are at the forefront of hosting on-premise 5G networks in campus environments. Tokyo Metropolitan University, Waseda University, SUTD (Singapore University of Technology and Design), Texas A&M University, Johns Hopkins University, Carnegie Mellon University, Purdue University, University of Notre Dame, Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University), UC Berkeley (University of California, Berkeley), Northeastern University, UWM (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Bradley University, McMaster University, Politecnico di Milano, TH Rosenheim (Rosenheim Technical University of Applied Sciences), HoME (Hochschule Merseburg University of Applied Sciences), TU Dresden (Dresden University of Technology), HSU/UniBw H (Helmut Schmidt University), RWTH Aachen University, TU Kaiserslautern (Technical University of Kaiserslautern), HOGENT (University College Ghent), VAMK (Vaasa University of Applied Sciences), AGH University of Krakow, Białystok University of Technology, CTU (Czech Technical University in Prague), CZU (Czech University of Life Sciences Prague), and Riga Technical University are among the many universities that have deployed private 5G networks for experimental research or smart campus-related applications. Another prevalent theme in the education sector is the growing number of purpose-built LTE networks aimed at eliminating the digital divide for remote learning in underprivileged school districts.

• Forestry: There is considerable interest in private cellular networks to fulfill the communications needs of the forestry sector for industrial, recreational, and environmental purposes. SCA (Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget), Stora Enso, and Fiskarheden are deploying local 5G networks to facilitate digitization and automation at timber terminals and mills, while Tolko Industries and Resolute Forest Products are utilizing portable LTE systems to support their forestry operations in remote locations in Quebec and British Columbia, Canada, where cellular coverage has previously been scarce or non-existent. Among other examples, Japanese cable operator TST (Tonami Satellite Communication Television), Swedish forestry research institute Skogforsk, drone technology startup AirForestry, and several players from Europe's timber industry have been evaluating the applicability of private 5G networks for remote control of heavy forest machinery, safety monitoring in mountainous forestry environments, electric harvesting drones that thin trees from the air, and sawmill process optimization.

• Healthcare: Dedicated 5G campus networks have been installed or are being implemented to support smart healthcare applications in many hospitals, including VA healthcare systems, Boston Children's Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, Baptist Health South Florida, Nagasaki University Hospital, Kwong Wah Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, SNUBH (Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), SMC (Samsung Medical Center), Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Bethlem Royal Hospital, CHU Toulouse (Toulouse University Hospital), Frankfurt University Hospital, Helios Park Hospital Leipzig, UKD (University Hospital of Düsseldorf), UKSH (University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein), UKB (University Hospital Bonn), Gesundheit Burgenland, Maria Middelares, AZ Zeno, OYS (Oulu University Hospital), Skellefteå Hospital, Albert Einstein Hospital, and Hospital das Clínicas (São Paulo). In addition, on-premise LTE networks are also operational at many hospitals and medical complexes across the globe.

• Manufacturing: Dozens of manufacturers across the automotive, aerospace, shipbuilding, steelmaking, chemical production, electronics, industrial machinery, and other sectors – along with LTE/5G equipment suppliers themselves – are investing in private cellular networks for Industry 4.0 applications at their factories. Prominent examples include but are not limited to ACOME, AGC, Airbus, Alba (Aluminium Bahrain), Ansteel, Arçelik, ArcelorMittal, ASN (Alcatel Submarine Networks), Atlas Copco, BASF, Belden, BMW, BorgWarner, Bosch, British Sugar, Calpak, Cargill, Changan Automobile, China Baowu Steel Group, CIMPOR, Cinkarna Celje, COMAC (Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China), Continental, CPF (Charoen Pokphand Foods), Cummins, Del Conca, Delta Electronics, Denka, Dow, EMSTEEL, FAW, Ford, Foxconn, Gerdau, Glanbia, GM (General Motors), Great Wall Motor, Gree, Haier, Hamburger Containerboard, Holmen Iggesund, Honda, Hyster-Yale, Hyundai, Inventec, INZU Group, Jacto, Jaguar Land Rover, John Deere, KAI (Korea Aerospace Industries), LG Electronics, Logan Aluminum, Lürssen, LyondellBasell, Magna Steyr, Mercedes-Benz, Midea, Miele, Navantia, Nestlé, Nippon Steel, Nissan, Okaya Steel, Paccar, Pegatron, Perodua, Renault, Ricoh, Roularta Media Group, Saab, SANY Heavy Industry, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Solvay, Standard Steel, Stellantis, Stürmsfs, Summit Steel, Taiwan Taffeta Fabric, Tesla, Toyota, Usiminas, Valmet, Volkswagen, WEG, Whirlpool, X Shore, and Yara International.

• Military: Spearheaded by the U.S. DOD's (Department of Defense) FutureG Office, several programs are underway to accelerate the adoption of private 5G networks at military bases and training facilities, network slicing over public mobile infrastructure, and portable cellular systems for warfighters at the tactical edge. The U.S. military, Canadian Army, Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces), British Army,  French Army, Spanish Army, Navy and UME (Emergency Military Unit), Italian Army, Portuguese Navy, Norwegian Armed Forces, Finnish Defense Forces, Latvian Ministry of Defense, Qatar Armed Forces, Jordanian Armed Forces, ADF (Australian Defence Force), JSDF (Japan Self-Defense Forces), ROKN (Republic of Korea Navy), and Brazilian Army are among the many adopters of private cellular networks in the defense sector.

• Mining: Mining companies are increasingly deploying 3GPP-based private wireless networks at their surface and underground mining operations to support mine-wide communications between workers, real-time video monitoring, teleoperation of mining equipment, fleet management, self-driving trucks, and other applications. Some noteworthy examples include Agnico Eagle, Albemarle, Anglo American, AngloGold Ashanti, Antamina, Antofagasta Minerals, Atlas Iron, BHP, Boliden, Canyon Coal, China National Coal, China Shenhua Energy, CIL (Coal India Limited), CITIC Pacific Mining, Codelco, De Grey Mining, Eldorado Gold, EVRAZ, Exxaro, Fortescue Metals, Freeport-McMoRan, Geoalcali, Glencore, Gold Fields, Hudbay Minerals, Industrias Peñoles, IPC Coal, Jiangxi Copper, KAZ Minerals, LKAB, Lundin Mining, MinRes (Mineral Resources), MMG, Newmont, Northern Star Resources, Nornickel (Norilsk Nickel), Nutrien, Outokumpu, PAMA (PT Pamapersada Nusantara), Rio Tinto, Risun, Roy Hill, Severstal, Shaanxi Coal, Shandong Energy, Sigma Lithium, South32, Southern Copper (Grupo México), Teck Resources, Vale, Yankuang Energy, and Zijin Mining.

• Oil & Gas: ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company), AltaGas, Aramco, Arrow Energy, BP, Cameron LNG, Centrica, Cepsa, Chevron, CNOOC (China National Offshore Oil Corporation), ConocoPhillips, Ecopetrol, Equinor, ExxonMobil, Hiroshima Gas, Neste, ORLEN, Osaka Gas, PCK Raffinerie, Petrobras (Petróleo Brasileiro), PETRONAS (Petroliam Nasional), PetroChina/CNPC (China National Petroleum Corporation), Phillips 66, Repsol, Santos, Schlumberger, Shell, Sinopec (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation), Snam, Suncor Energy, TotalEnergies, and many others in the oil and gas industry are utilizing private cellular networks. Some companies are pursuing a multi-faceted approach to address their diverse connectivity requirements. For instance, Aramco is adopting a wide area 450 MHz network for critical communications, LEO satellite-based NB-IoT coverage for the most remote IoT assets, and on-premise private 5G networks within specific facilities for advanced Industry 4.0 applications.

• Ports & Maritime Transport: Many port and terminal operators are investing in private LTE and 5G networks to provide high-speed and low-latency wireless connectivity for applications such as AGVs, remote-controlled cranes, smart cargo handling, and predictive maintenance. Prominent examples include but are not limited to ABP (Associated British Ports), APM Terminals (Maersk), Barcelona Port Authority, CentrePort Wellington, CMPort (China Merchants Port Holdings), COSCO Shipping Ports, EUROGATE, Freeport of Riga Authority, GMP (Générale de Manutention Portuaire), Hutchison Ports, Ningbo-Zhoushan Port Group, North-Central Adriatic Sea Port Authority, PAV (Port Authority of Valencia), Port of Tyne, PSA International, Shandong Port Group, Shimizu Port Authority, SIPG (Shanghai International Port Group), SSA Marine (Carrix), Steveco, Tianjin Port Group, VIMC (Vietnam Maritime Corporation), VPA (Virginia Port Authority), and Zhuhai Port Group. In the maritime transport segment, onboard private cellular networks – supported by satellite backhaul links – are widely being utilized to provide voice, data, messaging, and IoT connectivity services for both passenger and cargo vessels while at sea. A prominent example is Maersk’s ongoing rollout of private wireless network equipment across 450 vessels in its fleet to enable real-time cargo tracking.

• Public Safety: A myriad of fully dedicated, hybrid government-commercial, and secure MVNO/MOCN-based public safety broadband networks are operational or in the process of being rolled out throughout the globe, including national mission-critical broadband platforms such as the United States’ FirstNet, South Korea’s Safe-Net, United Kingdom’s ESN (Emergency Services Network), France’s RRF (Radio Network of the Future), Spain's SIRDEE (State Emergency Digital Radiocommunications System), Italian Ministry of Interior's public safety LTE/5G platform, Finland's VIRVE 2.0 mission-critical broadband service,  and Türkiye’s KETUM hybrid narrowband-broadband system. Smaller-scale 5G NR-equipped PPDR broadband systems are also being adopted by first responder agencies and municipal governments. Two recent deployments include the standalone private 5G networks of Gimcheon City’s Integrated Control Center and Madrid City Council, which support applications such as high-definition video surveillance and AI analytics for citizen security. Other examples extend from Hsinchu City Fire Department’s satellite-backhauled private 5G network for emergency communications in disaster zones and Norwegian Air Ambulance’s private 5G-based NOW (Network-on-Wheels) system to the 5G projects of Belgium's Federal Public Service Mobility and Transport, Toulouse and Chartres metropolises, Pato Branco City Council, Lishui Municipal Emergency Management Bureau, Kaohsiung City Police Department, PDRM (Royal Malaysia Police), New Zealand Police, and Guardia Civil (Spanish Civil Guard).

• Railways: Although a full-scale transition from GSM-R to FRMCS implementations is not expected until the late 2020s, a number of LTE and 5G-based private networks for railway communications are being deployed, including New York City Subway’s implementation of a private 5G network to support CBTC (Communications-Based Train Control) operations for its Crosstown Line; DB's (Deutsche Bahn) $10 million 5G campus network buildout in its maintenance depots, train formation and transshipment facilities, and the installation of FRMCS-ready cell sites along the Hamburg-Berlin rail corridor; Adif’s dedicated 5G infrastructure at logistics terminals and its $7 million tender for the implementation of FRMCS technology throughout the Asunción Universidad-Matallana section of the León-Guardo narrow-gauge line; the ECH-R (England’s Connected Heartland Railways) private 5G network on EWR’s (East West Rail) track between Bicester and Bletchley; Tisséo’s LTE PMR (Private Mobile Radio) network for Line C of the Toulouse Metro rapid transit system; SGP's (Société du Grand Paris) private LTE network for the Grand Paris Express metro system; Hanshin Electric Railway's standalone local 5G installation for improving safety at railroad crossings and platforms; KR's (Korea National Railway) LTE-R network; POSCO's private 5G network that links autonomous locomotives and railway control systems; Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation's private 5G network for tunnel surveillance in the Taipei MRT metro system; Shanghai Metro’s hybrid public-private 5G network; Guangzhou Metro's 5G + Smart Metro project; China State Railway Group's 5G-R program; NCRTC's (National Capital Region Transport Corporation) private LTE network for the Delhi-Meerut RRTS (Regional Rapid Transit System) corridor; PTA's (Public Transport Authority of Western Australia) radio systems replacement project; CFM's (Mozambique Ports and Railways) FRMCS-ready network; Vale's $50 million project for the implementation of a private wireless network along the Carajás Railroad; and Norfolk Southern's private LTE network for rail yard staff communications. In addition, Tokyo Metro, KORAIL (Korea Railroad Corporation), Network Rail, SNCF (French National Railways), SBB (Swiss Federal Railways), FTIA (Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency), PKP (Polish State Railways), and others are also progressing their 5G rail connectivity projects in preparation for operational deployment.

• Utilities: Private cellular networks in the utilities industry range from wide area 3GPP networks – operating in 410 MHz, 450 MHz, 900 MHz, and other sub-1 GHz spectrum bands – for smart grid communications to purpose-built LTE and 5G networks aimed at providing localized wireless connectivity in critical infrastructure facilities such as power plants, substations, and offshore wind farms. Some examples of end user adopters include Ameren, Bahrain EWA (Electricity and Water Authority), BPA (Bui Power Authority), ČEZ Group, Chubu Electric Power, CNNC (China National Nuclear Corporation), CPFL Energia, CSG (China Southern Power Grid), DEWA (Dubai Electricity & Water Authority), Edesur Dominicana, EDF, EDP (Energias de Portugal), Efacec, Endeavour Energy, Enel, E.ON, ESB Networks, Evergy, Fortum, Hokkaido Electric Power, Iberdrola, Kansai Electric Power, KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation), K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), Kyushu Electric Power, LCRA (Lower Colorado River Authority), PGE (Polish Energy Group), Red Eléctrica, SCE (Southern California Edison), SDG&E (San Diego Gas & Electric), SGCC (State Grid Corporation of China), Southern Company, Tampa Electric, and Xcel Energy.

• Warehousing & Others: Amazon, Walmart, Dot Foods, Arvato, KLG Europe, Ocado, JD Logistics, Sinotrans, Nippon Express, Yes24, Riman Korea, CJ Logistics, Posten (Norwegian Postal Service), and many others have installed private cellular infrastructure for smart warehousing applications. Additional vertical sectors where private LTE and 5G networks are being adopted extend from sports, arts, and culture to retail, hospitality, public services, and road transport. From a horizontal perspective, enterprise RAN systems for indoor coverage enhancement are relatively common, and end-to-end private networks are also starting to be implemented in office buildings and campuses. Meta, BlackRock, Imagin'Office (Icade), Mitsui Fudosan, Mori Building Company, NAVER, Fastpartner, and WISTA Management are among the companies that have deployed private networks in office environments.

Key Findings

The report has the following key findings:

• SNS Telecom & IT estimates that global spending on private LTE and 5G network infrastructure for vertical industries will grow at a CAGR of approximately 22% between 2025 and 2028, eventually exceeding $7.2 billion by the end of 2028. More than 70% of these investments – an estimated $5.1 Billion – will be directed towards the buildout of standalone private 5G networks, which will become the predominant wireless communications medium to support the ongoing Industry 4.0 revolution for the digitization and automation of manufacturing and process industries.

• This unprecedented level of growth is likely to transform private LTE and 5G networks into an almost parallel equipment ecosystem to public mobile operator infrastructure in terms of market size by the late 2020s. By 2030, private networks could account for as much as a fourth of all mobile network infrastructure spending.

• Existing private cellular network deployments range from localized wireless systems for dedicated connectivity in factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, offshore wind farms, oil and gas facilities, construction sites, maritime ports, airports, hospitals, stadiums, office buildings and university campuses to regional and nationwide sub-1 GHz private wireless broadband networks for utilities, FRMCS-ready networks for train-to-ground communications and hybrid government-commercial public safety broadband networks, as well as rapidly deployable LTE/5G network-in-a-box systems for professional TV broadcasting, sports and entertainment events, emergency response operations, and tactical communications.

• Private wireless small cells are also gaining recognition as a cost-effective alternative to DAS for delivering neutral host cellular coverage in both carpeted enterprise spaces and industrial facilities, whereby staff and visitors gain access to public mobile operator networks from a private network. Private network-based neutral host deployments are particularly prevalent in the United States due to the open accessibility of the GAA (General Authorized Access) tier of 3.5 GHz CBRS spectrum. This trend is expected to expand to other national markets in the coming years – for example, in Japan, where mutual roaming and neutral host operation is permitted in license-exempt 1.9 GHz sXGP spectrum.

• As for the practical and quantifiable benefits of private LTE and 5G networks, end user organizations have credited private cellular network installations with productivity and efficiency gains for specific manufacturing, quality control and intralogistics processes in the range of 20 to 90%, cost savings as high as 60% and an uplift of up to 80% in worker safety and accident reduction.

• Spectrum liberalization initiatives – particularly shared and local spectrum licensing frameworks – are playing a pivotal role in accelerating the adoption of private 5G networks. Telecommunications regulators in multiple national markets – including the United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania, Moldova, Bahrain, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Australia, and Brazil – have released or are in the process of granting access to shared and local area licensed spectrum.

• By capitalizing on their extensive licensed spectrum holdings, infrastructure assets, and cellular networking expertise, national mobile operators have continued to retain a significant presence in the private LTE and 5G network market, even in countries where shared and local area licensed spectrum is available. With an expanded focus on vertical B2B (Business-to-Business) opportunities in the 5G era, mobile operators are actively involved in diverse projects extending from localized 5G networks for secure and reliable wireless connectivity in industrial and enterprise environments to sliced hybrid public-private networks that integrate on-premise 5G infrastructure with a dedicated slice of public mobile network resources for wide area coverage.

• Global system integrators and new classes of private network service providers have also found success in the market. Notable examples include but are not limited to NTT, Fujitsu, Accenture, Capgemini, Kyndryl, Booz Allen Hamilton, Future Technologies Venture, STEP CG, Kajeet, Tampnet, iNET (Infrastructure Networks), Ambra Solutions, PMY Group, Vocus, Aqura, Federated Wireless, Betacom, InfiniG, Ballast Networks, Fortress Solutions, HALO Networks, Meter Cellular, Sigma Wireless, Dense Air, MUGLER, Alsatis, Axians, Axione, Hub One, Telent, Logicalis, Telet Research, Citymesh, RADTONICS, Grape One, NS Solutions, OPTAGE, Wave-In Communication, LG CNS, SEJONG Telecom, CJ OliveNetworks, Megazone Cloud, Nable Communications, Qubicom, NewGens, and Comsol, and the private 5G business units of neutral host infrastructure providers such as Boldyn Networks, American Tower, Boingo Wireless, Freshwave, Shared Access, and Digita.

• Although traditional wireless infrastructure players – from incumbents Ericsson, Nokia, and Huawei to the likes of Samsung and NEC – continue to lead the private cellular market in terms of infrastructure sales, there is much greater OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) and vendor diversity than in the public mobile network segment with other players making their presence known in markets as far afield as the United States, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, and Australia. 

• Examples include Celona, Globalstar, Airspan Networks, Baicells, Mavenir, Telrad Networks, BLiNQ Networks, JMA Wireless, Ataya, Moso Networks (Sercomm), Abside Networks, SEMPRE, Oceus Networks, Ubiik, Star Solutions, Expeto, Druid Software, HPE (Hewlett Packard Enterprise), Cisco Systems, Pente Networks, Monogoto, A5G Networks, Radisys, GXC, Wilson Connectivity, Nextivity, SOLiD, HFR Mobile, Qucell, Askey Computer, QCT (Quanta Cloud Technology), G REIGNS, Pegatron, Siemens, Firecell, Obvios, BubbleRAN, Amarisoft, CampusGenius, Cumucore, Accelleran, IS-Wireless, Effnet, Node-H, SRS (Software Radio Systems), Benetel, AttoCore, cellXica, JET Connectivity, Neutral Wireless, Wireless Excellence, Antevia Networks, ASOCS, ASELSAN, PROTEI, and Trópico.

• There is a growing focus on private 5G security solutions enabling device management, network visibility, traffic segregation, access control, and threat prevention across both IT (Information Technology) and OT (Operational Technology) domains. Some of the key players in this segment include OneLayer, Palo Alto Networks, Fortinet, Trend Micro’s subsidiary CTOne, and Thales. Network orchestration and management is another area garnering considerable interest, with solutions from companies like Highway 9 Networks, Neutroon Technologies, Nearby Computing, NEC’s Netcracker division, and Weaver Labs.

• As the market moves toward mainstream adoption, funding is ramping up for private 5G infrastructure and connectivity specialists. For example, Celona has raised over $135 million in venture funding to date, while Druid Software recently secured $20 million in strategic growth capital to expand into verticals such as defense, shipping, and utilities. Firecell and Monogoto raised $7.2 million and $27 million respectively in seed and Series A funding rounds last year. Highway 9 Networks also secured $25 million in venture funding. Most recently, SEMPRE has closed its $14.3 million Series A funding round to support deployments of secure and resilient 5G infrastructure products across defense and commercial markets.

• An atmosphere of acquisitions persists as highlighted by recent deals such as the sale of Corning's small cell RAN and DAS (Distributed Antenna System) portfolio to Airspan Networks,  Motive Companies' acquisition of private cellular technology provider GXC, and Riedel Communications' buyout of former Nokia spinoff and 5G campus network specialist MECSware. An earlier example is HPE’s acquisition of Italian mobile core technology provider Athonet two years ago.

• The service provider segment is not immune to consolidation either. For example, Boldyn Networks recently acquired SML (Smart Mobile Labs), a German provider of bespoke private 5G networks and turnkey applications. This follows Boldyn's 2024 takeover of Cellnex's private networks business unit, which largely included Edzcom – a private 4G/5G specialist with installations in Finland, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. 

• Another recent development is Day Wireless Systems' acquisition of Sigma Wireless, a leading private 5G system integrator in Ireland. Consolidation activity has also been underway in other national markets.  In Australia, for instance, Vocus acquired Challenge Networks in 2023 and Telstra Purple took over Aqura Technologies in 2022 — both well-known pioneers in industrial private wireless networks.

Topics Covered

The report covers the following topics:

• Introduction to private LTE and 5G networks

• Value chain and ecosystem structure

• Market drivers and challenges

• System architecture and key elements of private LTE and 5G networks

• Operational and business models, network size, geographic reach and other practical aspects of private LTE and 5G networks

• Critical communications broadband evolution, Industry 4.0, enterprise transformation and other themes shaping the adoption of private LTE and 5G networks

• Enabling technologies and concepts, including 3GPP-defined MCX, URLLC, TSC, DetNet, NR-U, SNPN and PNI-NPN, RedCap, cellular IoT, high-precision positioning, network slicing, edge computing and network automation capabilities

• Key trends such as the emergence of new classes of specialized network operators, shared and local area spectrum licensing, private NaaS (Network-as-a-Service) offerings, IT/OT convergence, Open RAN, vRAN and rapidly deployable LTE/5G systems

• Analysis of vertical industries and application scenarios, extending from mission-critical group communications and real-time video transmission to reconfigurable wireless production lines, collaborative mobile robots, AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) and untethered AR/VR/MR (Augmented, Virtual & Mixed Reality)

• Future roadmap of private LTE and 5G networks

• Review of private LTE and 5G network installations worldwide, including 180 case studies spanning 16 verticals

• Database tracking more than 7,800 private LTE and 5G engagements in over 130 countries across the globe

• Spectrum availability, allocation and usage across the global, regional and national domains

• Standardization, regulatory and collaborative initiatives

• Profiles and strategies of more than 1,800 ecosystem players

• Strategic recommendations for LTE/5G equipment and chipset suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists, mobile operators and end user organizations

• Exclusive interview transcripts from 24 companies across the private LTE/5G value chain: A5G Networks, Anritsu, Ataya, Ballast Networks, CableFree (Wireless Excellence), Cavli Wireless, Celona, Digi International, Druid Software, Ericsson, Future Technologies Venture, InfiniG, JMA Wireless, MosoLabs, Neutroon, Nokia, Pente Networks, Picocom, RADTONICS, Shabodi, Sigma Wireless, Telrad Networks, T-Mobile US and X4000 Communications

• Market analysis and forecasts from 2024 to 2030

Forecast Segmentation

Market forecasts are provided for each of the following submarkets and their subcategories:

• Infrastructure Submarkets

  • RAN (LTE & 5G NR Radio Access Network)

    • Base Station RUs (Radio Units)

    • DUs/CUs (Distributed & Centralized Baseband Units)

  • Mobile Core (EPC & 5GC)

    • User Plane Functions

    • Control Plane Functions

  • Transport Network (Fronthaul, Midhaul & Backhaul)

    • Fiber & Wireline

    • Microwave

    • Satellite Communications

• Technology Generations

  • LTE

  • 5G

• Cell Sizes

  • Small Cells

    • Indoor

    • Outdoor

  • Macrocells

• Spectrum Licensing Models

  • Mobile Operator-Owned Spectrum

  • Wide Area Licensed Spectrum

  • Shared & Local Area Licensed Spectrum

  • Unlicensed Spectrum

• Frequency Ranges

  • Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz)

  • Mid-Band (1-6 GHz)

  • High-Band mmWave (Millimeter Wave)

• End User Markets

  • Vertical Industries

    • Agriculture

    • Aviation

    • Broadcasting

    • Construction

    • Education

    • Forestry

    • Healthcare

    • Manufacturing

    • Military

    • Mining

    • Oil & Gas

    • Ports & Maritime Transport

    • Public Safety

    • Railways

    • Utilities

    • Warehousing & Others

  • Offices, Buildings & Public Venues

• Regional Markets

  • North America

  • Asia Pacific

  • Europe

  • Middle East & Africa

  • Latin & Central America

Key Questions Answered

The report provides answers to the following key questions:

• How big is the private LTE and 5G network opportunity?

• What trends, drivers and challenges are influencing its growth?

• What will the market size be in 2027, and at what rate will it grow?

• Which submarkets, verticals and regions will see the highest percentage of growth?

• What is the status of private LTE and 5G network adoption in each country, and what are the primary application scenarios of these networks?

• How is private cellular connectivity facilitating the digital transformation of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, transportation, utilities, warehousing and other vertical industries?

• What are the practical and quantifiable benefits of private LTE and 5G networks in terms of productivity improvement, cost reduction and worker safety?

• How are MCPTT capabilities enabling the transition from narrowband LMR systems to 3GPP-based private broadband networks?

• How can satellite backhaul and direct-to-device NTN access expand the reach of private networks in remote environments? 

• What are the key characteristics of standalone private 5G networks, and when will URLLC, TSC, RedCap and other 3GPP-defined IIoT features be widely employed?

• Where does network slicing for differentiated service requirements fit in the private cellular networking landscape?

• How can private edge computing accommodate latency-sensitive applications while enhancing data sovereignty and security?

• What are the existing and candidate frequency bands for the operation of private LTE and 5G networks?

• How are CBRS and other coordinated shared/local spectrum licensing frameworks accelerating the uptake of private networks?

• What are the prospects of private 5G networks operating in mmWave spectrum?

• When will sub-1 GHz critical communications LTE networks begin their transition to 5G technology?

• What is the impact of post-pandemic changes on private LTE and 5G network deployments?

• How are telecommunications infrastructure giants, national mobile operators and other incumbents asserting their presence in the market?

• What opportunities exist for managed private LTE/5G service providers, neutral host operators, global system integrators, hyperscalers and other new entrants?

• Who are the key ecosystem players, and what are their strategies?

• What strategies should LTE/5G equipment suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists and mobile operators adopt to remain competitive?

Table of Contents

1 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Executive Summary

1.2 Topics Covered

1.3 Forecast Segmentation

1.4 Key Questions Answered

1.5 Key Findings

1.6 Summary of Private LTE/5G Engagements

1.7 Methodology

1.8 Target Audience

2 Chapter 2: An Overview of Private LTE & 5G Networks

2.1 An Introduction to the 3GPP-Defined LTE & 5G Standards

2.1.1 LTE: The First Global Standard for Cellular Communications

2.1.2 LTE-Advanced: Delivering the Promise of True 4G Performance

2.1.3 LTE-Advanced Pro: Laying the Foundation for the 5G Era

2.1.4 5G: Accelerating 3GPP Expansion in Vertical Industries

2.1.4.1 5G Service Profiles

2.1.4.1.1 eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband)

2.1.4.1.2 URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications)

2.1.4.1.3 mMTC/mIoT (Massive Machine-Type Communications/Internet of Things)

2.1.5 5G-Advanced & the Evolution to 6G

2.2 Why Adopt LTE & 5G-Based Private Wireless Networks?

2.2.1 Performance, Mobility, Reliability & Security Characteristics

2.2.2 Ability to Address Both Wide Area & Localized Coverage Needs

2.2.3 Variety of Frequency Bands, Bandwidth Flexibility & Spectral Efficiency

2.2.4 Interworking With Public Mobile Networks & Non-3GPP Technologies

2.2.5 3GPP Support for Industrial-Grade & Mission-Critical Applications

2.2.6 Future-Proof Transition Path Towards 6G Networks

2.2.7 Thriving Ecosystem of Chipsets, Devices & Network Equipment

2.2.8 Economic Viability of Deployment & Operational Costs

2.3 Key Themes Influencing the Adoption of Private LTE & 5G Networks

2.3.1 Critical Communications Broadband Evolution

2.3.2 Industry 4.0-Driven Wireless Connectivity Requirements

2.3.3 Localized Cellular Coverage for Enterprise Transformation Initiatives

2.3.4 Neutral Hosting, Smart Cities, Community Broadband & Other Themes

2.4 Practical Aspects of Private LTE & 5G Networks

2.4.1 LTE & 5G Technology Deployment Modes

2.4.1.1 LTE

2.4.1.2 NSA (Non-Standalone) 5G

2.4.1.3 SA (Standalone) 5G

2.4.2 Spectrum Options

2.4.2.1 National Spectrum for Specific Applications

2.4.2.1.1 Defense & PPDR (Public Protection & Disaster Relief)

2.4.2.1.2 Utilities & Critical Infrastructure Industries

2.4.2.1.3 Aviation, Maritime & Railway Communications

2.4.2.1.4 Other Segments

2.4.2.2 Local Area Licensed Spectrum

2.4.2.2.1 Local Area Licenses for Enterprises & Vertical Users

2.4.2.2.2 Local Leasing of Public Mobile Operator Frequencies

2.4.2.2.3 ASA (Authorized Shared Access) & Light Licensing

2.4.2.3 Unlicensed Spectrum

2.4.2.3.1 Designated License-Exempt Bands

2.4.2.3.2 Opportunistic Unlicensed Access

2.4.3 Network Size & Geographic Reach

2.4.3.1 Wide Area Private Cellular Networks

2.4.3.2 Medium-Scale Local Area Networks

2.4.3.3 On-Premise Campus Networks

2.4.4 Operational Scenarios

2.4.4.1 Isolated NPNs (Non-Public Networks)

2.4.4.2 Public Mobile Operator-Integrated NPNs

2.4.4.2.1 Dedicated Mobile Operator RAN Coverage

2.4.4.2.2 Shared RAN With On-Premise Core

2.4.4.2.3 Shared RAN & Control Plane

2.4.4.2.4 NPNs Hosted By Public Networks

2.4.4.3 Virtual Sliced Private Networks

2.4.4.4 Hybrid Public-Private Networks

2.4.4.5 Shared Core Private Networks

2.4.4.6 Secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) Arrangements

2.4.4.7 Other Approaches

2.4.5 Business Models

2.4.5.1 Fully Independent Private Networks

2.4.5.2 Service Provider-Managed Private Networks

2.4.5.3 Hybrid Ownership, Management & Control

2.4.5.4 Private NaaS (Network-as-a-Service)

2.4.5.5 Other Business Models

2.5 The Value Chain of Private LTE & 5G Networks

2.5.1 Semiconductor & Enabling Technology Specialists

2.5.2 Terminal OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)

2.5.3 RAN, Core & Transport Infrastructure Suppliers

2.5.4 Service Providers

2.5.4.1 Critical Communications, Industrial, OT & IT System Integrators

2.5.4.2 Pure-Play Private 4G/5G Network Operators

2.5.4.3 National Mobile Operators

2.5.4.4 MVNOs

2.5.4.5 Neutral Hosts

2.5.4.6 Towercos (Tower Companies)

2.5.4.7 Cloud & Edge Platform Providers

2.5.4.8 Fixed-Line Service Providers

2.5.4.9 Fiber Network Operators

2.5.4.10 Satellite Communications Service Providers

2.5.5 End User Organizations

2.5.6 Other Ecosystem Players

2.6 Market Drivers

2.6.1 Growing Demand for High-Bandwidth & Low-Latency Wireless Applications

2.6.2 Endorsement From the Critical Communications & Industry 4.0 Sectors

2.6.3 Limited Public Cellular Coverage in Indoor, Industrial & Remote Environments

2.6.4 Availability of Suitable Spectrum Options for Private Use

2.6.5 Guaranteed Connectivity & QoS (Quality-of-Service) Control

2.6.6 Greater Levels of Network Security & Data Privacy

2.6.7 Operators' & Vendors' Desire for New Revenue Sources

2.6.8 Government-Funded 5G Innovation Initiatives

2.7 Market Barriers

2.7.1 Cost & ROI (Return-On-Investment) Justification

2.7.2 Technical Complexities of Network Deployment & Operation

2.7.3 Integration With Existing Infrastructure & Applications

2.7.4 Limited Scale Effects Due to Lack of Spectrum Harmonization

2.7.5 Competition From Non-3GPP Technologies & Solutions

2.7.6 LTE/5G Terminal Equipment-Related Challenges

2.7.7 Skills Gap & Shortage of Proficient Engineers

2.7.8 Conservatism & Slow Pace of Change

3 Chapter 3: Private LTE/5G System Architecture & Technologies

3.1 Architectural Components of Private LTE/5G Networks

3.2 UE (User Equipment)

3.2.1 Smartphones & Handportable Devices

3.2.2 Industrial-Grade Routers & Gateways

3.2.3 Mobile Hotspots & Vehicular Terminals

3.2.4 Fixed Wireless CPEs (Customer Premises Equipment)

3.2.5 Tablets & Notebook PCs

3.2.6 Smart Wearables

3.2.7 Cellular IoT Modules

3.2.8 Add-On Dongles

3.3 RAN (Radio Access Network)

3.3.1 E-UTRAN – LTE RAN

3.3.1.1 eNBs – LTE Base Stations

3.3.2 NG-RAN – 5G NR Access Network

3.3.2.1 gNBs – 5G NR Base Stations

3.3.2.2 en-gNBs – Secondary Node 5G NR Base Stations

3.3.2.3 ng-eNBs – Next-Generation LTE Base Stations

3.3.3 Architectural Components of eNB/gNB Base Stations

3.3.3.1 RUs (Radio Units)

3.3.3.2 Integrated Radio & Baseband Units

3.3.3.3 DUs (Distributed Baseband Units)

3.3.3.4 CUs (Centralized Baseband Units)

3.4 Mobile Core

3.4.1 EPC (Evolved Packet Core): LTE Mobile Core

3.4.1.1 SGW (Serving Gateway)

3.4.1.2 PGW (Packet Data Network Gateway)

3.4.1.3 MME (Mobility Management Entity)

3.4.1.4 HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

3.4.1.5 PCRF (Policy Charging & Rules Function)

3.4.2 5GC (5G Core): Core Network for Standalone 5G Implementations

3.4.2.1 Access, Mobility & Session Management

3.4.2.1.1 AMF (Access & Mobility Management Function)

3.4.2.1.2 SMF (Session Management Function)

3.4.2.1.3 UPF (User Plane Function)

3.4.2.2 Subscription & Data Management

3.4.2.2.1 AUSF (Authentication Server Function)

3.4.2.2.2 AAnF (AKMA Anchor Function)

3.4.2.2.3 UDM (Unified Data Management)

3.4.2.2.4 UDR (Unified Data Repository)

3.4.2.2.5 UDSF (Unstructured Data Storage Function)

3.4.2.2.6 UCMF (UE Radio Capability Management Function)

3.4.2.2.7 5G-EIR (5G Equipment Identity Register)

3.4.2.3 Policy & Charging

3.4.2.3.1 PCF (Policy Control Function)

3.4.2.3.2 CHF (Charging Function)

3.4.2.4 Signaling & Routing

3.4.2.4.1 SCP (Service Communication Proxy)

3.4.2.4.2 SEPP (Security Edge Protection Proxy)

3.4.2.4.3 BSF (Binding Support Function)

3.4.2.5 Network Resource Management

3.4.2.5.1 NEF (Network Exposure Function)

3.4.2.5.2 NRF (Network Repository Function)

3.4.2.5.3 NSSF (Network Slice Selection Function)

3.4.2.5.4 NSSAAF (Network Slice-Specific & SNPN Authentication-Authorization Function)

3.4.2.5.5 NSACF (Network Slice Admission Control Function)

3.4.2.6 Data Analytics & Automation

3.4.2.6.1 NWDAF (Network Data Analytics Function)

3.4.2.6.2 AnLF (Analytics Logical Function)

3.4.2.6.3 MTLF (Model Training Logical Function)

3.4.2.6.4 DCCF (Data Collection Coordination Function)

3.4.2.6.5 ADRF (Analytics Data Repository Function)

3.4.2.6.6 MFAF (Messaging Framework Adaptor Function)

3.4.2.6.7 MDAF (Management Data Analytics Function)

3.4.2.7 Location Services

3.4.2.7.1 LMF (Location Management Function)

3.4.2.7.2 GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center)

3.4.2.8 Application Enablement

3.4.2.8.1 AFs (Application Functions)

3.4.2.8.2 SMSF (Short Message Service Function)

3.4.2.8.3 CBCF (Cell Broadcast Center Function)

3.4.2.8.4 5G DDNMF (5G Direct Discovery Name Management Function)

3.4.2.8.5 TSCTSF (Time-Sensitive Communication & Time Synchronization Function)

3.4.2.8.6 TSN AF (Time-Sensitive Networking Application Function)

3.4.2.8.7 EASDF (Edge Application Server Discovery Function)

3.4.2.9 Multicast-Broadcast Support

3.4.2.9.1 MB-SMF (Multicast-Broadcast SMF)

3.4.2.9.2 MB-UPF (Multicast-Broadcast UPF)

3.4.2.9.3 MBSF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Function)

3.4.2.9.4 MBSTF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Transport Function)

3.5 Transport Network

3.5.1 Fronthaul: RU-to-DU Transport

3.5.2 Midhaul: DU-to-CU Transport

3.5.3 Backhaul: RAN-to-Core Transport

3.5.4 Physical Transmission Mediums

3.5.4.1 Fiber & Wireline Transport Technologies

3.5.4.1.1 Owned, Lit & Dark Fiber

3.5.4.1.2 Ethernet & IP-Based Transport

3.5.4.1.3 WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

3.5.4.1.4 PON (Passive Optical Network)

3.5.4.1.5 OTN (Optical Transport Network)

3.5.4.1.6 DOCSIS, G.fast & Other Technologies

3.5.4.2 Microwave & mmWave (Millimeter Wave) Wireless Links

3.5.4.2.1 Traditional Bands (6 – 42 GHz)

3.5.4.2.2 V-Band (60 GHz)

3.5.4.2.3 E-Band (70/80 GHz)

3.5.4.2.4 W-Band (92 – 114.25 GHz)

3.5.4.2.5 D-Band (130 – 174.8 GHz)

3.5.4.3 Satellite Communications

3.5.4.3.1 GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)

3.5.4.3.2 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)

3.5.4.3.3 LEO (Low Earth Orbit)

3.6 Services & Interconnectivity

3.6.1 End User Application Services

3.6.1.1 Generic Broadband, Messaging & IoT Services

3.6.1.2 IMS Core: VoLTE-VoNR (Voice-Over-LTE/5G NR) & MMTel (Multimedia Telephony)

3.6.1.3 MBMS, eMBMS, FeMBMS & 5G MBS/5MBS (5G Multicast-Broadcast Services)

3.6.1.4 Group Communications & MCS (Mission-Critical Services)

3.6.1.5 IIoT (Industrial IoT), Cyber-Physical Control & Domain-Specific Connected Services

3.6.1.6 ProSe (Proximity-Based Services) for Direct D2D (Device-to-Device) Discovery & Communications

3.6.1.7 Vehicular, Aviation, Maritime & Railway-Related Applications

3.6.1.8 3GPP Service Frameworks for Vertical Industries

3.6.1.8.1 CAPIF (Common API Framework)

3.6.1.8.2 SEAL (Service Enabler Architecture Layer for Verticals)

3.6.1.8.3 EDGEAPP (Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications)

3.6.1.9 VAL (Vertical Application Layer) Enablers

3.6.1.9.1 V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything)

3.6.1.9.2 UAS (Uncrewed Aerial Systems)

3.6.1.9.3 5GMARCH/MSGin5G (Messaging in 5G)

3.6.1.9.4 FF (Factories of the Future)

3.6.1.9.5 PINAPP (Personal IoT Networks), XR (Extended Reality) & Others

3.6.2 Interconnectivity With 3GPP & Non-3GPP Networks

3.6.2.1 3GPP Roaming & Service Continuity

3.6.2.1.1 National & International Roaming

3.6.2.1.2 Service Continuity Outside Network Footprint

3.6.2.2 Non-3GPP Network Integration

3.6.2.2.1 ePDG (Evolved Packet Data Gateway)

3.6.2.2.2 TWAG/TWAP (Trusted WLAN Access Gateway/Proxy)

3.6.2.2.3 ANDSF (Access Network Discovery & Selection Function)

3.6.2.2.4 N3IWF (Non-3GPP Interworking Function)

3.6.2.2.5 TNGF (Trusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function)

3.6.2.2.6 TWIF (Trusted WLAN Interworking Function)

3.6.2.2.7 NSWOF (Non-Seamless WLAN Offload Function)

3.6.2.2.8 W-AGF (Wireline Access Gateway Function)

3.6.2.2.9 IWF (Interworking Function) for LMR (Land Mobile Radio)

3.6.2.2.10 ATSSS (Access Traffic Steering, Switching & Splitting)

3.7 Key Enabling Technologies & Concepts

3.7.1 3GPP Support for NPNs (Non-Public Networks)

3.7.1.1 Types of NPNs

3.7.1.1.1 SNPNs (Standalone NPNs)

3.7.1.1.2 PNI-NPNs (Public Network-Integrated NPNs)

3.7.1.2 SNPN Identification & Selection

3.7.1.3 PNI-NPN Resource Allocation & Isolation

3.7.1.4 CAG (Closed Access Group) for Cell Access Control

3.7.1.5 Mobility, Roaming & Service Continuity

3.7.1.6 Interworking Between SNPNs & Public Networks

3.7.1.7 UE Configuration & Subscription-Related Aspects

3.7.1.8 Other 3GPP-Defined Capabilities for NPNs

3.7.2 Critical Communications

3.7.2.1 MCX (Mission-Critical PTT, Video & Data)

3.7.2.2 QPP (QoS, Priority & Preemption)

3.7.2.3 IOPS (Isolated Operation for Public Safety)

3.7.2.4 Cell Site & Infrastructure Hardening

3.7.2.5 HPUE (High-Power User Equipment)

3.7.2.6 Other UE-Related Functional Enhancements

3.7.3 Industry 4.0 & Cellular IoT

3.7.3.1 URLLC Techniques: High-Reliability & Low-Latency Enablers

3.7.3.2 5G LAN (Local Area Network)-Type Service

3.7.3.3 Integration With IEEE 802.1 TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) Systems

3.7.3.4 Native 3GPP Framework for TSC (Time-Sensitive Communications)

3.7.3.5 Support for IETF DetNet (Deterministic Networking)

3.7.3.6 5G NR Light: RedCap (Reduced Capability) UE Type

3.7.3.7 eMTC, NB-IoT & mMTC: Wide Area & High-Density IoT Applications

3.7.4 High-Precision Positioning

3.7.4.1 Assisted-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

3.7.4.2 RAN-Based Positioning Techniques

3.7.4.3 RAN-Independent Methods

3.7.5 Edge Computing

3.7.5.1 Optimizing Latency, Service Performance & Backhaul Costs

3.7.5.2 3GPP-Defined Features for Edge Computing Support

3.7.5.3 Public vs. Private Edge Computing

3.7.6 Network Slicing

3.7.6.1 Logical Partitioning of Network Resources

3.7.6.2 3GPP Functions, Identifiers & Procedures for Slicing

3.7.6.3 RAN Slicing

3.7.6.4 Mobile Core Slicing

3.7.6.5 Transport Network Slicing

3.7.6.6 UE-Based Network Slicing Features

3.7.6.7 Management & Orchestration Aspects

3.7.7 Network Sharing

3.7.7.1 Service-Specific PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) IDs

3.7.7.2 DNN (Data Network Name)/APN (Access Point Name)-Based Isolation

3.7.7.3 GWCN (Gateway Core Network): Core Network Sharing

3.7.7.4 MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Network): RAN & Spectrum Sharing

3.7.7.5 MORAN (Multi-Operator RAN): RAN Sharing Without Spectrum Pooling

3.7.7.6 DECOR (Dedicated Core) & eDECOR (Enhanced DECOR)

3.7.7.7 Roaming in Non-Overlapping Service Areas

3.7.7.8 Passive Sharing of Infrastructure Resources

3.7.8 E2E (End-to-End) Security

3.7.8.1 UE Authentication Framework

3.7.8.2 Subscriber Privacy

3.7.8.3 Air Interface Confidentiality & Integrity

3.7.8.4 Resilience Against Radio Jamming

3.7.8.5 RAN, Core & Transport Network Security

3.7.8.6 Security Aspects of Network Slicing

3.7.8.7 Application Domain Protection

3.7.8.8 Other Security Considerations

3.7.9 Shared & Unlicensed Spectrum

3.7.9.1 CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service): Three-Tiered Sharing

3.7.9.2 LSA (Licensed Shared Access): Two-Tiered Sharing

3.7.9.3 Local Area Licensing of Shared Spectrum

3.7.9.4 LTE-U, LAA (Licensed Assisted Access), eLAA (Enhanced LAA) & FeLAA (Further Enhanced LAA)

3.7.9.5 MulteFire: Standalone LTE Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum

3.7.9.6 License-Exempt 1.9 GHz sXGP (Shared Extended Global Platform)

3.7.9.7 5G NR-U (NR in Unlicensed Spectrum)

3.7.10 Rapidly Deployable LTE & 5G Network Systems

3.7.10.1 NIB (Network-in-a-Box) Systems

3.7.10.2 Vehicular COWs (Cells-on-Wheels)

3.7.10.3 Aerial Cell Sites

3.7.10.4 Maritime Cellular Platforms

3.7.11 Direct Communications & Coverage Expansion

3.7.11.1 Sidelink for Direct Mode D2D Communications

3.7.11.2 UE-to-Network & UE-to-UE Relays

3.7.11.3 Indoor & Outdoor Small Cells

3.7.11.4 DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)

3.7.11.5 IAB (Integrated Access & Backhaul)

3.7.11.6 Mobile IAB: VMRs (Vehicle-Mounted Relays)

3.7.11.7 NCRs (Network-Controlled Repeaters)

3.7.11.8 NTNs (Non-Terrestrial Networks)

3.7.11.9 ATG/A2G (Air-to-Ground) Connectivity

3.7.12 Cloud-Native, Software-Driven & Open Networking

3.7.12.1 Cloud-Native Technologies

3.7.12.2 Microservices & SBA (Service-Based Architecture)

3.7.12.3 Containerization of Network Functions

3.7.12.4 NFV (Network Functions Virtualization)

3.7.12.5 SDN (Software-Defined Networking)

3.7.12.6 Cloud Compute, Storage & Networking Infrastructure

3.7.12.7 APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)

3.7.12.8 Open RAN & Core Architectures

3.7.13 Network Intelligence & Automation

3.7.13.1 AI (Artificial Intelligence)

3.7.13.2 Machine & Deep Learning

3.7.13.3 Big Data & Advanced Analytics

3.7.13.4 SON (Self-Organizing Networks)

3.7.13.5 Intelligent Control, Management & Orchestration

3.7.13.6 Support for Network Intelligence & Automation in 3GPP Standards

4 Chapter 4: Key Vertical Industries & Applications

4.1 Cross-Sector & Enterprise Application Capabilities

4.1.1 Mobile Broadband

4.1.2 FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)

4.1.3 Voice & Messaging Services

4.1.4 High-Definition Video Transmission

4.1.5 Telepresence & Video Conferencing

4.1.6 Multimedia Broadcasting & Multicasting

4.1.7 IoT (Internet of Things) Networking

4.1.8 Wireless Connectivity for Wearables

4.1.9 Untethered AR/VR/MR (Augmented, Virtual & Mixed Reality)

4.1.10 Real-Time Holographic Projections

4.1.11 Tactile Internet & Haptic Feedback

4.1.12 Precise Positioning & Tracking

4.1.13 Industrial Automation

4.1.14 Remote Control of Machines

4.1.15 Connected Mobile Robotics

4.1.16 Unmanned & Autonomous Vehicles

4.1.17 BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight) Operation of Drones

4.1.18 Data-Driven Analytics & Insights

4.1.19 Sensor-Equipped Digital Twins

4.1.20 Predictive Maintenance of Assets

4.2 Vertical Industries & Specific Application Scenarios

4.2.1 Agriculture

4.2.1.1 Intelligent Monitoring of Crop, Soil & Weather Conditions

4.2.1.2 IoT & Advanced Analytics-Driven Yield Optimization

4.2.1.3 Sensor-Based Smart Irrigation Control Systems

4.2.1.4 Real-Time Tracking & Geofencing in Farms

4.2.1.5 Livestock & Aquaculture Health Management

4.2.1.6 Video-Based Remote Veterinary Inspections

4.2.1.7 Unmanned Autonomous Tractors & Farm Vehicles

4.2.1.8 Robots for Planting, Weeding & Harvesting

4.2.1.9 5G-Equipped Agricultural Drones

4.2.1.10 Connected Greenhouses & Vertical Farms

4.2.2 Aviation

4.2.2.1 Inflight Connectivity for Passengers & Cabin Crew

4.2.2.2 Connected Airports for Enhanced Traveler & Visitor Experience

4.2.2.3 Coordination of Ground Support Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel

4.2.2.4 ATM (Air Traffic Management) for Drones & Urban Air Mobility Vehicles

4.2.2.5 Wireless Upload of EFB (Electronic Flight Bag) & IFE (In-Flight Entertainment) Updates

4.2.2.6 Aircraft Data Offload for Operational & Maintenance Purposes

4.2.2.7 Video Surveillance of Airport Surface & Terminal Areas

4.2.2.8 5G-Enabled Remote Inspection & Repair of Aircraft

4.2.2.9 Navigation, Weather & Other IoT Sensors

4.2.2.10 Smart Baggage Handling

4.2.2.11 Asset Awareness & Tracking

4.2.2.12 Passenger Flow & Resource Management

4.2.2.13 Automation of Check-In & Boarding Procedures

4.2.2.14 Intelligent Airport Service Robots

4.2.3 Broadcasting

4.2.3.1 3GPP-Based PMSE (Program Making & Special Events)

4.2.3.2 Live AV (Audio-Visual) Media Production Using NPNs

4.2.3.3 Private 5G-Enabled Production in Remote Locations

4.2.3.4 Network Slicing for Contribution Feeds

4.2.3.5 Wire-Free Cameras & Microphones

4.2.3.6 Multicast & Broadcast Content Distribution

4.2.4 Construction

4.2.4.1 Wireless Connectivity for Construction Sites & Field Offices

4.2.4.2 Instantaneous Access to Business-Critical Applications

4.2.4.3 5G-Based Remote Control of Heavy Machinery

4.2.4.4 Autonomous Mobile Robots for Construction

4.2.4.5 IoT Sensor-Driven Maintenance of Equipment

4.2.4.6 Video Surveillance & Analytics for Site Security

4.2.4.7 Real-Time Visibility of Personnel, Assets & Materials

4.2.4.8 Aerial Surveying & Monitoring of Construction Sites

4.2.5 Education

4.2.5.1 Remote & Distance Learning Services

4.2.5.2 Mobile Access to Academic Resources

4.2.5.3 5G-Connected Smart Classrooms

4.2.5.4 Automation of Administrative Tasks

4.2.5.5 Personalized & Engaging Learning

4.2.5.6 AR/VR-Based Immersive Lessons

4.2.5.7 5G-Enabled Virtual Field Trips

4.2.5.8 Educational Telepresence Robots

4.2.6 Forestry

4.2.6.1 Wireless Connectivity for Forestry Operations & Recreation

4.2.6.2 5G-Facilitated Teleoperation of Forestry Equipment

4.2.6.3 Autonomous Harvesting & Milling Machinery

4.2.6.4 Real-Time Tracking of Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel

4.2.6.5 Cellular IoT Sensors for Biological & Environmental Monitoring

4.2.6.6 Wireless Cameras for Wildlife Observation, Conservation & Security

4.2.6.7 Early Wildfire Detection & Containment Systems

4.2.6.8 Drones for Search & Rescue Operations

4.2.7 Healthcare

4.2.7.1 5G-Connected Smart Hospitals & Healthcare Facilities

4.2.7.2 Wireless Transmission of Medical Imagery & Rich Datasets

4.2.7.3 Real-Time Monitoring of Patients in Acute & Intensive Care

4.2.7.4 Telehealth Video Consultations for Visual Assessment

4.2.7.5 Connectivity for AI-Based Healthcare Applications

4.2.7.6 AR Systems for Complex Medical Procedures

4.2.7.7 Remote-Controlled Surgery & Examination

4.2.7.8 Assisted Living & Rehabilitation Robotics

4.2.7.9 Immersive VR-Based Medical & Surgical Training

4.2.7.10 Connected Ambulances for EMS (Emergency Medical Services)

4.2.8 Manufacturing

4.2.8.1 Untethered Connectivity for Production & Process Automation

4.2.8.2 Wireless Motion Control & C2C (Control-to-Control) Communications

4.2.8.3 Cellular-Equipped Mobile Control Panels

4.2.8.4 Mobile Robots & AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles)

4.2.8.5 Autonomous Forklifts & Warehouse Robotics

4.2.8.6 AR-Facilitated Factory Floor Operations

4.2.8.7 Machine Vision-Based Quality Inspection

4.2.8.8 Closed-Loop Process Control

4.2.8.9 Process & Environmental Monitoring

4.2.8.10 Precise Indoor Positioning for Asset Management

4.2.8.11 Remote Access & Maintenance of Equipment

4.2.9 Military

4.2.9.1 5G-Based Tactical Battlefield Communications

4.2.9.2 Smart Military Bases & Command Posts

4.2.9.3 ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance)

4.2.9.4 Command & Control of Weapon Systems

4.2.9.5 Remote Operation of Robotics & Unmanned Assets

4.2.9.6 AR HUD (Heads-Up Display) Systems

4.2.9.7 Wireless VR/MR-Based Military Training

4.2.9.8 Perimeter Security & Force Protection

4.2.10 Mining

4.2.10.1 Safety-Critical Communications in Remote Mining Environments

4.2.10.2 Wireless Control of Drilling, Excavation & Related Equipment

4.2.10.3 Automated Loading, Haulage & Train Operations

4.2.10.4 Video-Based Monitoring of Personnel & Assets

4.2.10.5 Underground Positioning & Geofencing

4.2.10.6 Smart Ventilation & Water Management

4.2.10.7 Real-Time Operational Intelligence

4.2.10.8 AR & VR for Mining Operations

4.2.11 Oil & Gas

4.2.11.1 Wireless Connectivity for Remote Exploration & Production Sites

4.2.11.2 Critical Voice & Data-Based Mobile Workforce Communications

4.2.11.3 Push-to-Video & Telepresence Conferencing for Field Operations

4.2.11.4 Cellular-Equipped Surveillance Cameras for Situational Awareness

4.2.11.5 IoT Sensor-Enabled Remote Monitoring & Automation of Processes

4.2.11.6 SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) Communications

4.2.11.7 Location Services for Worker Safety & Asset Tracking

4.2.11.8 AR Smart Helmets for Hands-Free Remote Assistance

4.2.11.9 Predictive Maintenance of Oil & Gas Facilities

4.2.11.10 Mobile Robots for Safety Hazard Inspections

4.2.12 Ports & Maritime Transport

4.2.12.1 Critical Communications for Port Workers

4.2.12.2 Automation of Port & Terminal Operations

4.2.12.3 5G-Connected AGVs for Container Transport

4.2.12.4 Remote-Controlled Cranes & Terminal Tractors

4.2.12.5 Video Analytics for Operational Purposes

4.2.12.6 Environmental & Condition Monitoring

4.2.12.7 Port Traffic Management & Control

4.2.12.8 AR & VR Applications for Port Digitization

4.2.12.9 Unmanned Aerial Inspections of Port Facilities

4.2.12.10 Private Cellular-Enabled Maritime Communications

4.2.12.11 Wireless Ship-to-Shore Connectivity in Nearshore Waters

4.2.12.12 5G-Facilitated Remote Steering of Unmanned Vessels

4.2.13 Public Safety

4.2.13.1 Mission-Critical PTT Voice Communications

4.2.13.2 Real-Time Video & High-Resolution Imagery

4.2.13.3 Messaging, File Transfer & Presence Services

4.2.13.4 Secure & Seamless Mobile Broadband Access

4.2.13.5 Location-Based Services & Enhanced Mapping

4.2.13.6 Multimedia CAD (Computer-Aided Dispatch)

4.2.13.7 Massive-Scale Video Surveillance & Analytics

4.2.13.8 Smart Glasses & AR Headgear for First Responders

4.2.13.9 5G-Equipped Police, Firefighting & Rescue Robots

4.2.13.10 5G MBS/5MBS in High-Density Environments

4.2.13.11 Sidelink-Based Direct Mode Communications

4.2.14 Railways

4.2.14.1 FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System)

4.2.14.2 Train-to-Ground & Train-to-Train Connectivity

4.2.14.3 Wireless Intra-Train Communications

4.2.14.4 Rail Operations-Critical Voice, Data & Video Services

4.2.14.5 ATO (Automatic Train Operation) & Traffic Management

4.2.14.6 Video Surveillance for Operational Safety & Security

4.2.14.7 Smart Maintenance of Railway Infrastructure

4.2.14.8 Intelligent Management of Logistics Facilities

4.2.14.9 Onboard Broadband Internet Access

4.2.14.10 PIS (Passenger Information Systems)

4.2.14.11 Smart Rail & Metro Station Services

4.2.15 Utilities

4.2.15.1 Multi-Service FANs (Field Area Networks)

4.2.15.2 Critical Applications for Field Workforce Communications

4.2.15.3 AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)

4.2.15.4 DA (Distribution Automation) Systems

4.2.15.5 Microgrid & DER (Distributed Energy Resource) Integration

4.2.15.6 5G-Enabled VPPs (Virtual Power Plants)

4.2.15.7 Low-Latency SCADA Applications for Utilities

4.2.15.8 Teleprotection of Transmission & Distribution Grids

4.2.15.9 Video Monitoring for Critical Infrastructure Protection

4.2.15.10 Sensor-Based Detection of Water & Gas Leaks

4.2.15.11 AR Information Overlays for Repairs & Maintenance

4.2.15.12 Drone & Robot-Assisted Inspections of Utility Assets

4.2.15.13 Local Wireless Connectivity for Remote & Offshore Facilities

4.2.16 Warehousing & Other Verticals

5 Chapter 5: Spectrum Availability, Allocation & Usage

5.1 National & Local Area Licensed Spectrum

5.1.1 Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz)

5.1.1.1 200 – 400 MHz

5.1.1.2 410 & 450 MHz

5.1.1.3 600 MHz

5.1.1.4 700 MHz

5.1.1.5 800 MHz

5.1.1.6 900 MHz

5.1.2 Mid-Band (1 – 6 GHz)

5.1.2.1 1.4 GHz

5.1.2.2 1.6 GHz

5.1.2.3 1.8 GHz

5.1.2.4 1.9 GHz

5.1.2.5 2.1 GHz

5.1.2.6 2.3 GHz

5.1.2.7 2.4 GHz

5.1.2.8 2.5 GHz

5.1.2.9 2.6 GHz

5.1.2.10 3.4 GHz

5.1.2.11 3.5 GHz CBRS PAL Tier

5.1.2.12 3.7 – 3.8 GHz

5.1.2.13 3.8 – 4.2 GHz

5.1.2.14 4.6 – 4.9 GHz

5.1.2.15 Other Bands

5.1.3 High-Band mmWave (Millimeter Wave)

5.1.3.1 26 GHz

5.1.3.2 28 GHz

5.1.3.3 37 GHz

5.1.3.4 Other Bands

5.2 License-Exempt (Unlicensed) Spectrum

5.2.1 Sub-1 GHz Bands (470 – 790/800/900 MHz)

5.2.2 1.8 GHz DECT Guard Band

5.2.3 1.9 GHz sXGP Band

5.2.4 2.4 GHz (2,400 – 2,483.5 MHz)

5.2.5 3.5 GHz CBRS GAA Tier

5.2.6 5 GHz (5,150 – 5,925 MHz)

5.2.7 6 GHz (5,925 – 7,125 MHz)

5.2.8 60 GHz (57 – 71 GHz)

5.2.9 Other Bands

5.3 North America

5.3.1 United States

5.3.2 Canada

5.4 Asia Pacific

5.4.1 Australia

5.4.2 New Zealand

5.4.3 China

5.4.4 Hong Kong

5.4.5 Taiwan

5.4.6 Japan

5.4.7 South Korea

5.4.8 Singapore

5.4.9 Malaysia

5.4.10 Indonesia

5.4.11 Philippines

5.4.12 Thailand

5.4.13 Vietnam

5.4.14 Laos

5.4.15 Myanmar

5.4.16 India

5.4.17 Pakistan

5.4.18 Rest of Asia Pacific

5.5 Europe

5.5.1 United Kingdom

5.5.1.1 Great Britain

5.5.1.2 Northern Ireland

5.5.2 Republic of Ireland

5.5.3 France

5.5.4 Germany

5.5.5 Belgium

5.5.6 Netherlands

5.5.7 Switzerland

5.5.8 Austria

5.5.9 Italy

5.5.10 Spain

5.5.11 Portugal

5.5.12 Sweden

5.5.13 Norway

5.5.14 Denmark

5.5.15 Finland

5.5.16 Estonia

5.5.17 Czech Republic

5.5.18 Poland

5.5.19 Ukraine

5.5.20 Türkiye

5.5.21 Cyprus

5.5.22 Greece

5.5.23 Bulgaria

5.5.24 Romania

5.5.25 Hungary

5.5.26 Slovenia

5.5.27 Croatia

5.5.28 Russia

5.5.29 Belarus

5.5.30 Rest of Europe

5.6 Middle East & Africa

5.6.1 Saudi Arabia

5.6.2 United Arab Emirates

5.6.3 Qatar

5.6.4 Oman

5.6.5 Bahrain

5.6.6 Kuwait

5.6.7 Iraq

5.6.8 Jordan

5.6.9 Israel

5.6.10 Egypt

5.6.11 Algeria

5.6.12 Morocco

5.6.13 Tunisia

5.6.14 South Africa

5.6.15 Botswana

5.6.16 Zambia

5.6.17 Kenya

5.6.18 Ethiopia

5.6.19 Angola

5.6.20 Republic of the Congo

5.6.21 Gabon

5.6.22 Nigeria

5.6.23 Uganda

5.6.24 Ghana

5.6.25 Senegal

5.6.26 Rest of the Middle East & Africa

5.7 Latin & Central America

5.7.1 Brazil

5.7.2 Mexico

5.7.3 Argentina

5.7.4 Colombia

5.7.5 Chile

5.7.6 Peru

5.7.7 Ecuador

5.7.8 Bolivia

5.7.9 Dominican Republic

5.7.10 Bardados

5.7.11 Trinidad & Tobago

5.7.12 Suriname

5.7.13 Rest of Latin & Central America

6 Chapter 6: Standardization, Regulatory & Collaborative Initiatives

6.1 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)

6.1.1 Releases 11-14: 3GPP-Based Critical Communications Features

6.1.2 Release 15: 5G eMBB, Network Slicing, Improvements for MTC/IoT & MCX Extensions

6.1.3 Release 16: 3GPP Support for NPNs, 5G URLLC, TSN, NR-U & Vertical Application Enablers

6.1.4 Release 17: NPN Enhancements, Edge Computing, TSC, Expansion of IIoT Features, RedCap & NTN Connectivity

6.1.5 Release 18: 5G-Advanced, Further NPN Refinements, DetNet, Intelligent Automation, Spectrum Flexibility & XR Services

6.1.6 Releases 19, 20, 21 & Beyond: Succession From 5G-Advanced to the 6G Evolution

6.2 450 MHz Alliance

6.2.1 Promoting 3GPP Technologies in the 380 – 470 MHz Frequency Range

6.3 5G-ACIA (5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation)

6.3.1 Maximizing the Applicability of 5G Technology in the Industrial Domain

6.4 5GAIA (5G Applications Industry Array)

6.4.1 Advancing the Development of China's 5G Applications Industry

6.5 5G Campus Network Alliance

6.5.1 Supporting the Market Development of 5G Campus Networks in Germany

6.6 5GDNA (5G Deterministic Networking Alliance)

6.6.1 Industry Collaboration & Promotion of 5GDN (5G Deterministic Networking)

6.7 5GFF (5G Future Forum)

6.7.1 Accelerating the Delivery of 5G MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing) Solutions

6.8 5G Forum (South Korea)

6.8.1 Expanding Convergence Between 5G Technology & Vertical Industries

6.9 5G Health Association

6.9.1 Interfacing 5G-Based Connectivity & Healthcare Applications

6.10 5G-MAG (5G Media Action Group)

6.10.1 5G-Based NPNs in Media Production

6.11 5GMF (Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Promotion Forum, Japan)

6.11.1 Initiatives Related to Local 5G Networks in Japan

6.12 5GSA (5G Slicing Association)

6.12.1 Addressing Vertical Industry Requirements for 5G Network Slicing

6.13 6G-IA (6G Smart Networks and Services Industry Association)

6.13.1 Private 5G-Related Projects & Activities

6.14 AGURRE (Association of Major Users of Operational Radio Networks, France)

6.14.1 Spectrum Access, Regulatory Framework & Industrial Ecosystem for Private Mobile Networks

6.15 APCO (Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials) International

6.15.1 Public Safety LTE/5G-Related Advocacy Efforts

6.16 ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)

6.16.1 Deployment & Operational Requirements of 5G-Based NPNs

6.16.2 Shared HNI & IBN Administration for CBRS Spectrum

6.16.3 Other Private LTE & 5G-Related Initiatives

6.17 BTG (Dutch Association of Large-Scale ICT & Telecommunications Users)

6.17.1 KMBG (Dutch Critical Mobile Broadband Users) Expert Group

6.18 B-TrunC (Broadband Trunking Communication) Industry Alliance

6.18.1 B-TrunC Standard for LTE-Based Critical Communications

6.19 CAMET (China Association of Metros)

6.19.1 Adoption of 3GPP Networks for Urban Rail Transit Systems

6.20 CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)

6.20.1 Common Spectrum Policies for Local 4G/5G, PPDR Broadband & FRMCS

6.21 DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Alliance)

6.21.1 Promoting Unlicensed & Dynamic Access to Spectrum

6.22 Electricity Canada (Canadian Electricity Association)

6.22.1 PVNO & Dedicated Spectrum for Smart Grid Communications

6.23 ENTELEC (Energy Telecommunications and Electrical Association)

6.23.1 Policy Advocacy & Other Private LTE/5G-Related Activities

6.24 EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute)

6.24.1 Research & Guidelines in Support of 3GPP-Based Utility Communications

6.25 ERA (European Union Agency for Railways)

6.25.1 Evolution of Railway Radio Communication Project

6.26 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

6.26.1 Technical Specifications for FRMCS, PPDR Broadband, MCX & TETRA-3GPP Interworking

6.26.2 Other Work Relevant to Private LTE & 5G Networks

6.27 EU-Rail (Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking)

6.27.1 FRMCS-Related Research & Innovation Activities

6.28 EUTC (European Utilities Telecom Council)

6.28.1 Addressing LTE & 5G-Related Requirements for European Utilities

6.29 EUWENA (European Users of Enterprise Wireless Networks Association)

6.29.1 Catalyzing the Wider Adoption of 3GPP-Based Private Networks

6.30 EWA (Enterprise Wireless Alliance)

6.30.1 Supporting the Private Wireless Industry in the United States

6.31 free5GC

6.31.1 Open-Source 5GC Software

6.32 GSA (Global Mobile Suppliers Association)

6.32.1 Advocacy for Private Mobile Networks

6.33 GSMA (GSM Association)

6.33.1 Guidelines for 5G Private & Dedicated Networks

6.34 GUTMA (Global UTM Association)

6.34.1 ACJA (Aerial Connectivity Joint Activity) Initiative

6.35 ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

6.35.1 International & Regional Harmonization of LTE/5G Spectrum

6.35.2 Defining the Role of IMT-2020 to Support Vertical Applications

6.36 JOTS (Joint Operators Technical Specification) Forum

6.36.1 NHIB (Neutral Host In-Building) Specification

6.37 JRC (Joint Radio Company)

6.37.1 Supporting LTE/5G-Based Smart Grid Initiatives

6.38 KRRI (Korea Railroad Research Institute)

6.38.1 Functional Testing & Certification of LTE-R (LTE-Based Railway Communications)

6.39 LF (Linux Foundation)

6.39.1 Magma Mobile Core Software Platform

6.39.2 LF Networking's 5G Super Blueprint

6.39.3 LF Edge's Akraino Private LTE/5G ICN (Integrated Cloud-Native) Blueprint

6.39.4 Other Projects Relevant to Private LTE & 5G Networks

6.40 MFA (Alliance for Private Networks)

6.40.1 Uni5G Technology Blueprints for Private 5G Networks

6.40.2 Network Identifier Program Supporting Private & Neutral Host Networks

6.40.3 MulteFire Specifications: LTE Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum

6.40.4 Certification Program for MulteFire Equipment

6.40.5 MulteFire OSU (Online Sign-Up) System

6.41 MSSA (Mobile Satellite Services Association)

6.41.1 Advancing the Global Direct-to-Device NTN Ecosystem

6.42 NGA (Next G Alliance)

6.42.1 Building the Foundation for North American Leadership in 6G

6.43 NGMN (Next-Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance

6.43.1 Work Related to Private 5G & Network Slicing

6.44 NSC (National Spectrum Consortium)

6.44.1 Enhancing Spectrum Superiority & 5G Capabilities for Federal Users

6.45 OCP (Open Compute Project) Foundation

6.45.1 Initiatives Aimed at Open Designs for Telco Hardware

6.46 one6G Association

6.46.1 Driving 6G Innovation & Development Across Vertical Industries

6.47 ONF (Open Networking Foundation)

6.47.1 Aether Private 5G Connected Edge Platform

6.47.2 SD-RAN, SD-Core, OMEC & Other Relevant Projects

6.48 OnGo Alliance

6.48.1 Promoting 4G & 5G OnGo Wireless Network Technology

6.48.2 Technical Specifications & Guidelines for 4G/5G-Based CBRS Networks

6.48.3 Product Certification Program Supporting Multi-Vendor Interoperability

6.49 OPC Foundation

6.49.1 OPC UA (Unified Architecture) Over 5G for Industry 4.0 Applications

6.50 Open RAN Policy Coalition

6.50.1 Promoting Policies to Drive the Adoption of Open RAN

6.51 Open5GCore

6.51.1 Vendor-Independent 5GC Implementation

6.52 Open5GS & NextEPC

6.52.1 Open-Source 5GC & EPC Software

6.53 OpenInfra (Open Infrastructure) Foundation

6.53.1 StarlingX Software Stack for Ultra-Low Latency Edge Applications

6.53.2 OpenStack Cloud Software & Other Projects

6.54 O-RAN Alliance

6.54.1 O-RAN Architecture Specifications

6.54.2 O-RAN SC (Software Community)

6.54.3 Testing & Integration Support

6.55 OSA (OpenAirInterface Software Alliance)

6.55.1 OAI (OpenAirInterface) 5G RAN, Core & MOSAIC5G Projects

6.56 PIA (PSBN Innovation Alliance)

6.56.1 PSBN (Public Safety Broadband Network) Governance in Canada's Ontario Province

6.57 PMeV (German Professional Mobile Radio Association)

6.57.1 Professional Broadband & 5G Campus Network-Related Activities

6.58 PSBTA (Public Safety Broadband Technology Association)

6.58.1 Public Safety LTE/5G-Related Activities

6.59 PSCE (Public Safety Communication Europe)

6.59.1 Public Safety Broadband-Related Standardization Activities

6.59.2 BroadX Projects: Pan-European Interoperable Mobile Broadband System for Public Safety

6.60 Safe-Net Forum

6.60.1 Technical & Policy Guidance for 3GPP-Based Critical Communications Networks

6.61 SCF (Small Cell Forum)

6.61.1 Reference Blueprints for Private 5G Networks

6.61.2 Neutral Hosting, Edge Computing & Other Relevant Work

6.62 Seamless Air Alliance

6.62.1 Leading Global Standards for Inflight Connectivity

6.63 SimpleRAN

6.63.1 Ensuring Interoperability & Transparency in the vRAN Ecosystem

6.64 srsRAN Project

6.64.1 Open-Source 4G & 5G Software Suites

6.65 TCA (Trusted Connectivity Alliance)

6.65.1 5G SIM/eSIM Recommendations for Private Networks

6.66 TCCA (The Critical Communications Association)

6.66.1 CCBG (Critical Communications Broadband Group)

6.66.2 BIG (Broadband Industry Group)

6.66.3 SCADA, Smart Grid & IoT Group

6.66.4 Future Technologies Group

6.67 techUK

6.67.1 SPF (Spectrum Policy Forum)

6.68 TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)

6.68.1 Defining Requirements for LMR-3GPP Interworking & Critical Broadband Capabilities

6.69 TIP (Telecom Infra Project)

6.69.1 5G Private Networks Solution Group

6.69.2 Neutral Host NaaS Solution Group

6.69.3 OpenRAN & Open Core Network Groups

6.69.4 Other Relevant Product & Solution Groups

6.70 TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea)

6.70.1 Standardization Efforts for 3GPP-Based Public Safety, Railway & Maritime Communications

6.71 U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)

6.71.1 Public Safety Broadband & 5G-Related R&D Initiatives

6.72 U.S. NPSTC (National Public Safety Telecommunications Council)

6.72.1 Leadership for LMR-3GPP Interworking & Public Safety Broadband Communications

6.73 U.S. NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration)

6.73.1 Wireless Innovation & Supply Chain Security

6.74 UBBA (Utility Broadband Alliance)

6.74.1 Championing the Advancement of Private Broadband Networks for Utilities

6.75 UIC (International Union of Railways)

6.75.1 FRMCS Program for the Replacement of GSM-R Networks

6.76 UK5G Innovation Network

6.76.1 Promoting Private 5G Adoption Projects, Testbeds & Trials

6.77 UNIFE (The European Rail Supply Industry Association)

6.77.1 UNITEL Committee: Development & Implementation of FRMCS

6.78 UTC (Utilities Technology Council)

6.78.1 Private LTE & 5G-Related Advocacy, Technology Development & Policy Efforts

6.79 UTCAL (Utilities Telecom & Technology Council América Latina)

6.79.1 Promoting Private LTE & 5G Networks for Latin American Utilities

6.80 VDMA (German Mechanical and Plant Engineering Association)

6.80.1 Guidelines for 5G in Mechanical & Plant Engineering

6.81 WBA (Wireless Broadband Alliance)

6.81.1 5G & Wi-Fi Convergence in Private 5G Networks

6.81.2 OpenRoaming for Private LTE/5G

6.82 WhiteSpace Alliance

6.82.1 Promoting the Use of 3GPP, IEEE & IETF Standards for TVWS Spectrum

6.83 WInnForum (Wireless Innovation Forum)

6.83.1 CBRS Standards for the Implementation of FCC Rulemaking

6.83.2 6 GHz Unlicensed Sharing & Other Committees

6.84 XGP (eXtended Global Platform) Forum

6.84.1 Development & Promotion of the sXGP Unlicensed LTE Service

6.85 Others

6.85.1 Vendor-Led Private LTE/5G Alliances

6.85.2 National Government Agencies & Regulators

6.85.3 Regional & Country-Specific Associations

6.85.4 Global Industry Initiatives & Organizations

7 Chapter 7: Review of Private LTE/5G Installations Worldwide

7.1 North America

7.1.1 United States

7.1.2 Canada

7.2 Asia Pacific

7.2.1 Australia

7.2.2 New Zealand

7.2.3 China

7.2.4 Hong Kong

7.2.5 Taiwan

7.2.6 Japan

7.2.7 South Korea

7.2.8 Singapore

7.2.9 Malaysia

7.2.10 Indonesia

7.2.11 Papua New Guinea

7.2.12 Philippines

7.2.13 Thailand

7.2.14 Vietnam

7.2.15 Laos

7.2.16 Myanmar

7.2.17 India

7.2.18 Pakistan

7.2.19 Bangladesh

7.2.20 Rest of Asia Pacific

7.3 Europe

7.3.1 United Kingdom

7.3.2 Republic of Ireland

7.3.3 France

7.3.4 Germany

7.3.5 Belgium

7.3.6 Netherlands

7.3.7 Switzerland

7.3.8 Austria

7.3.9 Italy

7.3.10 Spain

7.3.11 Portugal

7.3.12 Sweden

7.3.13 Norway

7.3.14 Denmark

7.3.15 Finland

7.3.16 Estonia

7.3.17 Czech Republic

7.3.18 Poland

7.3.19 Ukraine

7.3.20 Latvia

7.3.21 Türkiye

7.3.22 Greece

7.3.23 Bulgaria

7.3.24 Romania

7.3.25 Hungary

7.3.26 Slovakia

7.3.27 Slovenia

7.3.28 Croatia

7.3.29 Serbia

7.3.30 Kosovo

7.3.31 Russia

7.3.32 Belarus

7.3.33 Rest of Europe

7.4 Middle East & Africa

7.4.1 Saudi Arabia

7.4.2 United Arab Emirates

7.4.3 Qatar

7.4.4 Oman

7.4.5 Bahrain

7.4.6 Kuwait

7.4.7 Iraq

7.4.8 Jordan

7.4.9 Lebanon

7.4.10 Israel

7.4.11 Egypt

7.4.12 Algeria

7.4.13 Morocco

7.4.14 Tunisia

7.4.15 South Africa

7.4.16 Botswana

7.4.17 Zimbabwe

7.4.18 Zambia

7.4.19 Kenya

7.4.20 Ethiopia

7.4.21 Somalia

7.4.22 Madagascar

7.4.23 Mauritius

7.4.24 Angola

7.4.25 Republic of the Congo

7.4.26 Gabon

7.4.27 Central African Republic

7.4.28 Cameroon

7.4.29 Nigeria

7.4.30 Ghana

7.4.31 Côte d'Ivoire

7.4.32 Mali

7.4.33 Senegal

7.4.34 Rest of the Middle East & Africa

7.5 Latin & Central America

7.5.1 Brazil

7.5.2 Mexico

7.5.3 Argentina

7.5.4 Colombia

7.5.5 Chile

7.5.6 Peru

7.5.7 Venezuela

7.5.8 Ecuador

7.5.9 Bolivia

7.5.10 Dominican Republic

7.5.11 Jamaica

7.5.12 Barbados

7.5.13 Trinidad & Tobago

7.5.14 Dutch Caribbean

7.5.15 Suriname

7.5.16 Rest of Latin & Central America

8 Chapter 8: Private LTE/5G Case Studies

8.1 450connect: Nationwide 450 MHz LTE Network for the Digitization of German Energy & Water Utilities

8.1.1 Operational Model

8.1.2 Spectrum Type

8.1.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.1.4 Deployment Summary

8.2 ABP (Associated British Ports): Shared Access License-Enabled Private 5G Network for Port of Southampton

8.2.1 Operational Model

8.2.2 Spectrum Type

8.2.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.2.4 Deployment Summary

8.3 ADF (Australian Defence Force): Revamping Military Training Facilities With Private Cellular Networks

8.3.1 Operational Model

8.3.2 Spectrum Type

8.3.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.3.4 Deployment Summary

8.4 Adif AV (Alta Velocidad): Private 5G Infrastructure for Wireless Access in Strategic Logistics Terminals

8.4.1 Operational Model

8.4.2 Spectrum Type

8.4.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.4.4 Deployment Summary

8.5 ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company): Private 5G Network for Remote Onshore & Offshore Connectivity

8.5.1 Operational Model

8.5.2 Spectrum Type

8.5.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.5.4 Deployment Summary

8.6 Agnico Eagle Mines: Streamlining Mining Operations With Industrial-Grade Private 4G/5G Networks

8.6.1 Operational Model

8.6.2 Spectrum Type

8.6.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.6.4 Deployment Summary

8.7 Airbus: Multi-Campus Private 5G Network for Global Aircraft Manufacturing Facilities

8.7.1 Operational Model

8.7.2 Spectrum Type

8.7.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.7.4 Deployment Summary

8.8 Ameren: 900 MHz Private Communications Network for Grid Modernization

8.8.1 Operational Model

8.8.2 Spectrum Type

8.8.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.8.4 Deployment Summary

8.9 ANA (All Nippon Airways): Local 5G-Enabled Digital Transformation of Aviation Training

8.9.1 Operational Model

8.9.2 Spectrum Type

8.9.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.9.4 Deployment Summary

8.10 APM Terminals (Maersk): Optimizing Port & Terminal Logistics With Private 5G Networks

8.10.1 Operational Model

8.10.2 Spectrum Type

8.10.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.10.4 Deployment Summary

8.11 Aramco (Saudi Arabian Oil Company): 3GPP-Based Private Wireless Network for Oil & Gas Wells

8.11.1 Operational Model

8.11.2 Spectrum Type

8.11.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.11.4 Deployment Summary

8.12 ArcelorMittal: 5G Steel Project for Industrial Digitization & Automation

8.12.1 Operational Model

8.12.2 Spectrum Type

8.12.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.12.4 Deployment Summary

8.13 ASE Group: 28 GHz mmWave 5G Network for Semiconductor Manufacturing

8.13.1 Operational Model

8.13.2 Spectrum Type

8.13.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.13.4 Deployment Summary

8.14 ASN (Alcatel Submarine Networks): Private 5G Networks for Calais & Greenwich Production Sites

8.14.1 Operational Model

8.14.2 Spectrum Type

8.14.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.14.4 Deployment Summary

8.15 ASTRID: BLM (Blue Light Mobile) Secure MVNO Service for Belgian First Responders

8.15.1 Operational Model

8.15.2 Spectrum Type

8.15.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.15.4 Deployment Summary

8.16 BAM Nuttall: Accelerating Innovation at Construction Sites With Private 5G Networks

8.16.1 Operational Model

8.16.2 Spectrum Type

8.16.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.16.4 Deployment Summary

8.17 Barcelona Port Authority: Standalone Private 5G Network for 500 Tenant Companies

8.17.1 Operational Model

8.17.2 Spectrum Type

8.17.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.17.4 Deployment Summary

8.18 BASF: 5G Campus Networks for Real-Time Wireless Connectivity in Chemical Production Sites

8.18.1 Operational Model

8.18.2 Spectrum Type

8.18.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.18.4 Deployment Summary

8.19 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation): Portable 5G-Based NPN Solution for News Contribution

8.19.1 Operational Model

8.19.2 Spectrum Type

8.19.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.19.4 Deployment Summary

8.20 BHP: Transitioning From Private LTE to Standalone 5G Networks for Advanced Digitization & Automation

8.20.1 Operational Model

8.20.2 Spectrum Type

8.20.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.20.4 Deployment Summary

8.21 BlackRock: On-Premise Private 5G Network Installation for New York Global Headquarters

8.21.1 Operational Model

8.21.2 Spectrum Type

8.21.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.21.4 Deployment Summary

8.22 BMW Group: Private 5G Networks for Autonomous Intralogistics in Production Plants

8.22.1 Operational Model

8.22.2 Spectrum Type

8.22.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.22.4 Deployment Summary

8.23 Boston Children's Hospital: Scalable Hybrid Public-Private 5G Network for Connected Healthcare

8.23.1 Operational Model

8.23.2 Spectrum Type

8.23.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.23.4 Deployment Summary

8.24 Brazilian Army: Leveraging Private LTE Infrastructure for National Defense Applications

8.24.1 Operational Model

8.24.2 Spectrum Type

8.24.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.24.4 Deployment Summary

8.25 BT Media & Broadcast: Private 5G Networks for Live Sports Content Production

8.25.1 Operational Model

8.25.2 Spectrum Type

8.25.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.25.4 Deployment Summary

8.26 Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces): ZNV (Deployable Cellular Networks) Program

8.26.1 Operational Model

8.26.2 Spectrum Type

8.26.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.26.4 Deployment Summary

8.27 Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University): Converged Public-Private 5G Network

8.27.1 Operational Model

8.27.2 Spectrum Type

8.27.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.27.4 Deployment Summary

8.28 China National Coal Group: Multi-Band 700 MHz & 2.6 GHz Private 5G Network for Dahaize Coal Mine

8.28.1 Operational Model

8.28.2 Spectrum Type

8.28.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.28.4 Deployment Summary

8.29 City of Las Vegas: Municipal Private Wireless Network for Businesses, Government & Educational Institutions

8.29.1 Operational Model

8.29.2 Spectrum Type

8.29.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.29.4 Deployment Summary

8.30 CJ Logistics: Bolstering Fulfillment Center Productivity Using Private 5G Network

8.30.1 Operational Model

8.30.2 Spectrum Type

8.30.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.30.4 Deployment Summary

8.31 Cleveland Clinic: Private 5G Network for Mentor Hospital

8.31.1 Operational Model

8.31.2 Spectrum Type

8.31.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.31.4 Deployment Summary

8.32 Cologne Bonn Airport: Revolutionizing Internal Operations With Private 5G Campus Network

8.32.1 Operational Model

8.32.2 Spectrum Type

8.32.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.32.4 Deployment Summary

8.33 COMAC (Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China): 5G-Connected Intelligent Aircraft Manufacturing Factories

8.33.1 Operational Model

8.33.2 Spectrum Type

8.33.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.33.4 Deployment Summary

8.34 ConocoPhillips: Private LTE Network for Curtis Island LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Facility

8.34.1 Operational Model

8.34.2 Spectrum Type

8.34.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.34.4 Deployment Summary

8.35 CSG (China Southern Power Grid): Harnessing Private Cellular Systems & 5G Network Slicing for Smart Grid Operations

8.35.1 Operational Model

8.35.2 Spectrum Type

8.35.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.35.4 Deployment Summary

8.36 Cummins: Combined Neutral Host System & Private 5G Network for JEP (Jamestown Engine Plant)

8.36.1 Operational Model

8.36.2 Spectrum Type

8.36.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.36.4 Deployment Summary

8.37 DB (Deutsche Bahn): Digitizing & Automating Rail Operations With 5G-Based FRMCS

8.37.1 Operational Model

8.37.2 Spectrum Type

8.37.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.37.4 Deployment Summary

8.38 Delta Electronics: Private 5G Networks for Manufacturing Facilities in Taiwan & Thailand

8.38.1 Operational Model

8.38.2 Spectrum Type

8.38.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.38.4 Deployment Summary

8.39 District of Ban Chang: 26 GHz mmWave Private 5G Network for Smart City Services

8.39.1 Operational Model

8.39.2 Spectrum Type

8.39.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.39.4 Deployment Summary

8.40 Dongyi Group Coal Gasification Company: Hybrid Public-Private Network for Xinyan Coal Mine

8.40.1 Operational Model

8.40.2 Spectrum Type

8.40.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.40.4 Deployment Summary

8.41 Dow: Modernizing Chemical Plant Maintenance With Private Cellular Networks

8.41.1 Operational Model

8.41.2 Spectrum Type

8.41.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.41.4 Deployment Summary

8.42 EAN (European Aviation Network): Hybrid Satellite-A2G Network for Inflight Broadband

8.42.1 Operational Model

8.42.2 Spectrum Type

8.42.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.42.4 Deployment Summary

8.43 Edesur Dominicana: Custom-Built 2.3 GHz LTE Network for Critical Grid Communications

8.43.1 Operational Model

8.43.2 Spectrum Type

8.43.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.43.4 Deployment Summary

8.44 EDF: Private Mobile Networks for Enhanced Connectivity at Nuclear Power Plants & Wind Farms

8.44.1 Operational Model

8.44.2 Spectrum Type

8.44.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.44.4 Deployment Summary

8.45 EHIME CATV: Gigabit-Grade FWA Service Using 28 GHz Local 5G Network

8.45.1 Operational Model

8.45.2 Spectrum Type

8.45.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.45.4 Deployment Summary

8.46 Enel: Global 3GPP-Based Private Wireless Communications Platform for Utility Communications

8.46.1 Operational Model

8.46.2 Spectrum Type

8.46.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.46.4 Deployment Summary

8.47 ESN (Emergency Services Network): Great Britain's Critical Communications Broadband System

8.47.1 Operational Model

8.47.2 Spectrum Type

8.47.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.47.4 Deployment Summary

8.48 Estonian Ministry of Defense: Private 5G Network for CR14 (Cyber Range 14)

8.48.1 Operational Model

8.48.2 Spectrum Type

8.48.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.48.4 Deployment Summary

8.49 EUROGATE: 5G Campus Networks for the Digitization of Port Logistics

8.49.1 Operational Model

8.49.2 Spectrum Type

8.49.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.49.4 Deployment Summary

8.50 Evergy: Facilitating Grid Modernization With Private Broadband Network

8.50.1 Operational Model

8.50.2 Spectrum Type

8.50.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.50.4 Deployment Summary

8.51 EWA (Electricity and Water Authority, Bahrain): 410 MHz Private LTE Network

8.51.1 Operational Model

8.51.2 Spectrum Type

8.51.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.51.4 Deployment Summary

8.52 EWG (East-West Gate) Intermodal Terminal: Private 5G Network for Smart Railway Logistics

8.52.1 Operational Model

8.52.2 Spectrum Type

8.52.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.52.4 Deployment Summary

8.53 Ferrovial: Standalone Private 5G Network for Silvertown Tunnel Project

8.53.1 Operational Model

8.53.2 Spectrum Type

8.53.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.53.4 Deployment Summary

8.54 FirstNet (First Responder Network): United States' Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network

8.54.1 Operational Model

8.54.2 Spectrum Type

8.54.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.54.4 Deployment Summary

8.55 Fiskarheden: Local 3.7 GHz License-Based Private 5G Network for Transtrand Sawmill

8.55.1 Operational Model

8.55.2 Spectrum Type

8.55.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.55.4 Deployment Summary

8.56 Frankfurt University Hospital: Dedicated 5G Network for Secure Medical Messaging & Remote Diagnostics

8.56.1 Operational Model

8.56.2 Spectrum Type

8.56.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.56.4 Deployment Summary

8.57 Fraport: Private 5G Campus Network for Future-Oriented Operations at Frankfurt Airport

8.57.1 Operational Model

8.57.2 Spectrum Type

8.57.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.57.4 Deployment Summary

8.58 Fujitsu: Japan's First 5G Network Installation Based on 28 GHz Local 5G Spectrum

8.58.1 Operational Model

8.58.2 Spectrum Type

8.58.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.58.4 Deployment Summary

8.59 Gale South Beach Hotel: CBRS Network for Guest Engagement & Hotel Operations

8.59.1 Operational Model

8.59.2 Spectrum Type

8.59.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.59.4 Deployment Summary

8.60 Gerdau: Private 5G Network for Ouro Branco Steel Production Plant

8.60.1 Operational Model

8.60.2 Spectrum Type

8.60.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.60.4 Deployment Summary

8.61 Gogo Business Aviation: 5G A2G Wireless Network for Inflight Connectivity

8.61.1 Operational Model

8.61.2 Spectrum Type

8.61.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.61.4 Deployment Summary

8.62 Gold Fields: Enabling Surface & Underground Communications With LTE Networks

8.62.1 Operational Model

8.62.2 Spectrum Type

8.62.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.62.4 Deployment Summary

8.63 Groupe ADP: 3GPP-Based Private Mobile Network for Paris Airports

8.63.1 Operational Model

8.63.2 Spectrum Type

8.63.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.63.4 Deployment Summary

8.64 Guangzhou Metro: 5G + Smart Metro Project for Urban Rail Transit

8.64.1 Operational Model

8.64.2 Spectrum Type

8.64.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.64.4 Deployment Summary

8.65 Hanshin Electric Railway: Capitalizing on Local 5G for Safer & Efficient Railway Operations

8.65.1 Operational Model

8.65.2 Spectrum Type

8.65.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.65.4 Deployment Summary

8.66 Heathrow Commercial Telecoms: WAMD (Wide Area Mobile Data) Network

8.66.1 Operational Model

8.66.2 Spectrum Type

8.66.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.66.4 Deployment Summary

8.67 Helios Park Hospital: Enhancing Medical System Efficiency With Standalone 5G Campus Network

8.67.1 Operational Model

8.67.2 Spectrum Type

8.67.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.67.4 Deployment Summary

8.68 Hip Hing Engineering: Dedicated 5G Network for Kai Tak Sports Park

8.68.1 Operational Model

8.68.2 Spectrum Type

8.68.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.68.4 Deployment Summary

8.69 Hiroshima Gas: Local 5G-Powered Safety Operations at Hatsukaichi LNG Terminal

8.69.1 Operational Model

8.69.2 Spectrum Type

8.69.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.69.4 Deployment Summary

8.70 HKIA (Hong Kong International Airport): 28 GHz Public-Private 5G Infrastructure Project

8.70.1 Operational Model

8.70.2 Spectrum Type

8.70.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.70.4 Deployment Summary

8.71 Hoban Construction: 4.7 GHz Private 5G Network for Apartment Complex Worksite

8.71.1 Operational Model

8.71.2 Spectrum Type

8.71.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.71.4 Deployment Summary

8.72 Hsinchu City Fire Department: Satellite-Backhauled Private 5G Network for PPDR Communications

8.72.1 Operational Model

8.72.2 Spectrum Type

8.72.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.72.4 Deployment Summary

8.73 Hutchison Ports: Driving the Digitization & Automation of Ports Through Private 5G Networks

8.73.1 Operational Model

8.73.2 Spectrum Type

8.73.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.73.4 Deployment Summary

8.74 iNET (Infrastructure Networks): Private 4G/5G-Ready Network for Remote Industrial Connectivity

8.74.1 Operational Model

8.74.2 Spectrum Type

8.74.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.74.4 Deployment Summary

8.75 Inventec Corporation: Standalone Private 5G Network for Taoyuan Guishan Plant

8.75.1 Operational Model

8.75.2 Spectrum Type

8.75.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.75.4 Deployment Summary

8.76 IRFU (Irish Rugby Football Union): Enabling Fast In-Play Data Analysis With Private 5G Network

8.76.1 Operational Model

8.76.2 Spectrum Type

8.76.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.76.4 Deployment Summary

8.77 Jacto: Private 5G Network for Paulópolis Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Plant

8.77.1 Operational Model

8.77.2 Spectrum Type

8.77.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.77.4 Deployment Summary

8.78 JBG SMITH Properties: National Landing Private 5G Infrastructure Platform

8.78.1 Operational Model

8.78.2 Spectrum Type

8.78.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.78.4 Deployment Summary

8.79 JD Logistics: Migrating AGV Communications From Wi-Fi to Private 5G Networks

8.79.1 Operational Model

8.79.2 Spectrum Type

8.79.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.79.4 Deployment Summary

8.80 John Deere: Employing Private 5G Networks to Unshackle Industrial Facilities From Cables

8.80.1 Operational Model

8.80.2 Spectrum Type

8.80.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.80.4 Deployment Summary

8.81 Kansai Electric Power: Enhancing Power Station & Wind Farm Maintenance Using Local 5G Networks

8.81.1 Operational Model

8.81.2 Spectrum Type

8.81.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.81.4 Deployment Summary

8.82 Kaohsiung City Police Department: Sliced Private 5G Network for Smart Patrol Cars

8.82.1 Operational Model

8.82.2 Spectrum Type

8.82.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.82.4 Deployment Summary

8.83 Kawasaki Heavy Industries: Connecting Smart Factory Robotics With Local 5G Technology

8.83.1 Operational Model

8.83.2 Spectrum Type

8.83.3 Integrators & Suppliers

8.83.4 Deployment Summary

8.84 KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation): Private 5G Networks for Substation Management

8.84.1 Operational Model

8.84.2 Spectrum Type