Synopsis

Private LTE networks are a well-established market and have been around for more than a decade, albeit as a niche segment of the wider cellular infrastructure segment – iNET's (Infrastructure Networks) 700 MHz LTE network in the Permian Basin, Tampnet's offshore 4G infrastructure in the North Sea, Rio Tinto's private LTE network for its Western Australia mining operations and other initial installations date back to the early 2010s. However, private cellular networks or NPNs (Non-Public Networks) based on 3GPP-defined 5G specifications are just on the cusp of becoming a mainstream technology, with a market potential exceeding that of private LTE. Over the last 12 months, there has been a noticeable increase in production-grade deployments of standalone 5G networks by household names and industrial giants such as Airbus, Boliden, Etihad, Ford, Hyundai, Jaguar Land Rover, John Deere, LG Electronics, Lufthansa, Newmont, Tesla, Toyota, and Walmart, paving the way for Industry 4.0 and advanced application scenarios.

Compared to LTE technology, private 5G networks – also referred to as 5G MPNs (Mobile Private Networks), 5G campus networks, P5G, local 5G or e-Um 5G systems depending on geography – can address far more demanding performance requirements in terms of throughput, latency, reliability, availability, and connection density. In particular, 5G's URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications) and mMTC (Massive Machine-Type Communications) capabilities, along with a future-proof transition path to 6G networks in the 2030s, have positioned it as a viable alternative to physically wired connections for industrial-grade communications between machines, robots and control systems. Furthermore, despite its relatively higher cost of ownership, 5G's wider coverage radius per radio node, scalability, determinism, security features, and mobility support have stirred strong interest in its potential as a replacement for interference-prone unlicensed wireless technologies in IIoT (Industrial IoT) environments, where the number of connected sensors and other endpoints is expected to increase significantly over the coming years.

China remains the most mature national market thanks to state-funded directives aimed at accelerating the adoption of 5G connectivity in industrial settings such as factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, oil and gas facilities, and ports. To provide context, the largest private 5G installations in China can comprise hundreds to even thousands of dedicated RAN (Radio Access Network) nodes supported by on-premise or edge cloud-based core network functions depending on specific latency, reliability, and security requirements. Several Chinese private 5G adopters – including State Grid, Midea, and Wanhua Chemical – are also among the front-runners in utilizing cost-efficient 5G RedCap (Reduced Capability) modules, primarily to support video surveillance and IoT sensor use cases. In addition, some of the most technically advanced features of 5G-Advanced – 5G's next evolutionary phase – have been implemented over private wireless installations in the country. For example, steel manufacturer Baosteel is leveraging DetNet (Deterministic Networking) enhancements for real-time coordination of multiple automated processes within its factories while automaker Great Wall Motor is using an indoor 5G-Advanced network for time-critical industrial control within a car roof production line to prevent wire abrasion in mobile application scenarios – an issue that had previously resulted in production interruptions averaging 60 hours of downtime per year.

As end user organizations in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Brazil, and other countries ramp up their digitization and automation initiatives, private 5G networks are progressively being implemented to support use cases as diverse as wirelessly connected machinery for the rapid reconfiguration of production lines, distributed PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) environments, AMRs (Autonomous Mobile Robots) and AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) for intralogistics, AR (Augmented Reality)-assisted guidance and troubleshooting, machine vision-based quality control, wireless software flashing of manufactured vehicles, remote-controlled cranes, unmanned mining equipment, BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight) operation of drones, digital twin models of complex industrial systems, ATO (Automatic Train Operation), video analytics for railway crossing and station platform safety, remote visual inspections of aircraft engine parts, real-time collaboration for flight line maintenance operations, XR (Extended Reality)-based military training, virtual visits for parents to see their infants in NICUs (Neonatal Intensive Care Units), live broadcast production in locations not easily accessible by traditional solutions, operations-critical communications during major sporting events, and precision agriculture and livestock farming.

With non-smartphone device availability, end user conservatism, and other teething problems continuing to wane, early adopters are affirming their faith in the long-term potential of private 5G by investing in networks built in collaboration with specialist integrators, through traditional mobile operators, or independently via direct procurement from 5G equipment suppliers – made possible by the availability of new shared and local area licensed spectrum options in many national markets. As SNS Telecom & IT highlighted last year, some private 5G installations have progressed to a stage where practical and tangible benefits – particularly efficiency gains, cost savings and worker safety – are becoming increasingly evident. Notable examples, featuring new additions this year, include but are not limited to:

• Tesla's deployment of a private 5G network at its Gigafactory Texas facility in Austin has eliminated AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) stoppages, previously caused by unstable Wi-Fi connections, within the 12 million square foot facility. Another private 5G implementation on the shop floor of its Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg plant in Brandenburg, Germany, has helped in overcoming up to 90% of the overcycle issues for a particular process in the factory's GA (General Assembly) shop. The electric automaker is integrating private 5G network infrastructure to address high-impact use cases in production, intralogistics, and quality operations across its global manufacturing facilities.

• Rival luxury automaker Jaguar Land Rover's installation of a private 5G network at its Solihull plant in England, United Kingdom, has established connectivity for sensors and data within the plant's five-story paint shop, which had previously been left unconnected due to the cost and complexity of wired Ethernet links. The network has also resolved Wi-Fi-related challenges, including limited device connections, poor signal penetration in the metal-heavy environment, and unstable handovers between access points along the production line.

• Lufthansa's private 5G network at its LAX (Los Angeles International Airport) cargo facility has resulted in a 60% reduction in processing time per item by eliminating latency spikes and dropped connections from Wi-Fi and public cellular networks, which had previously delayed logistics operations and forced an occasional return to manual pen-and-paper processes. Another 5G campus network at the Lufthansa Technik facility in Hamburg, Germany, has removed the need for civil aviation customers to physically attend servicing by providing reliable, high-resolution video access for virtual parts inspections, and borescope examinations at both of its engine overhaul workshops. Previous attempts to implement virtual inspections using unlicensed Wi-Fi technology proved ineffective due to the presence of large metal structures.

• John Deere is steadily progressing with its goal of reducing dependency on wired Ethernet connections from 70% to 10% over the next five years by deploying private 5G networks at its industrial facilities in the United States, South America, and Europe. One of the most recent deployments is at the heavy machinery giant's 2.2 million square foot Davenport Works manufacturing complex in Iowa. In a similar effort, automotive aluminum die-castings supplier IKD has replaced 6 miles of cables connecting 600 pieces of machinery with a private 5G network, thereby reducing cable maintenance costs to near zero and increasing the product yield rate by 10%.

• Newmont's implementation of one of Australia's first production-grade private 5G networks at its Cadia gold-copper underground mine in New South Wales has enabled remote-controlled operation of its entire dozer fleet across the full 2.5 kilometer width of the mine's tailings works construction area. Previously, the mining company was unable to connect more than two machines at distances of no more than 100 meters over Wi-Fi, with unstable connectivity causing up to six hours of downtime per shift. Newmont plans to leverage private 5G connectivity to roll out more teleremote and autonomous machines in its tier-one underground and surface mines worldwide.

• The U.S. Marine Corps' private 5G network at MCLB (Marine Corps Logistics Base) in Southwest Georgia has significantly improved warehouse management and logistics operations, including 98% accuracy in inventory reordering, a 65% increase in goods velocity, and a 55% reduction in labor costs. Currently under a $6 million sustainment contract for the next three years, the purpose-built 5G network was deployed to enhance automation and overcome the challenges posed by complex fiber optic installations and unreliable Wi-Fi systems in the logistics hub’s demanding physical environment.

• The Liverpool 5G Create network in the inner city area of Kensington has demonstrated substantial cost savings potential for digital health, education and social care services, including an astonishing $10,000 drop in yearly expenditure per care home resident through a 5G-connected fall prevention system and a $2,600 reduction in WAN (Wide Area Network) connectivity charges per GP (General Practitioner) surgery – which represents $220,000 in annual savings for the United Kingdom's NHS (National Health Service) when applied to 86 surgeries in Liverpool.

• The EWG (East-West Gate) Intermodal Terminal's private 5G network has increased productivity from 23-25 containers per hour to 32-35 per hour and reduced the facility's personnel-related operating expenses by 40% while eliminating the possibility of crane operator injury due to remote-controlled operation with a latency of less than 20 milliseconds.

• NEC Corporation has improved production efficiency by 30% through the introduction of a local 5G-enabled autonomous transport system for intralogistics at its new factory in Kakegawa (Shizuoka Prefecture), Japan. The manufacturing facility's on-premise 5G network has also resulted in an elevated degree of freedom in terms of the factory floor layout, thereby allowing NEC to flexibly respond to changing customer needs, market demand fluctuations and production adjustments.

• A local 5G installation at Ushino Nakayama's Osumi farm in Kanoya (Kagoshima Prefecture), Japan, has enabled the Wagyu beef producer to achieve labor cost savings of more than 10% through reductions in accident rates, feed loss, and administrative costs. The 5G network provides wireless connectivity for AI (Artificial Intelligence)-based image analytics and autonomous patrol robots.

• CJ Logistics has achieved a 20% productivity increase at its Ichiri center in Icheon (Gyeonggi), South Korea, following the adoption of a private 5G network to replace the 40,000 square meter warehouse facility's 300 Wi-Fi access points for Industry 4.0 applications, which experienced repeated outages and coverage issues.

• Delta Electronics – which has installed private 5G networks for industrial wireless communications at its plants in Taiwan and Thailand – estimates that productivity per direct labor and output per square meter have increased by 69% and 75% respectively following the implementation of 5G-connected smart production lines.

• An Open RAN-compliant standalone private 5G network in Taiwan's Pingtung County has facilitated a 30% reduction in pest-related agricultural losses and a 15% boost in the overall revenue of local farms through the use of 5G-equipped UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), mobile robots, smart glasses and AI-enabled image recognition.

• JD Logistics – the supply chain and logistics arm of online retailer JD.com – has achieved near-zero packet loss and reduced the likelihood of connection timeouts by an impressive 70% since migrating AGV communications from unlicensed Wi-Fi systems to private 5G networks at its logistics parks in Beijing and Changsha (Hunan), China.

• Baosteel – a business unit of the world's largest steelmaker China Baowu Steel Group – credits its 43-site private 5G deployment at two neighboring factories with reducing manual quality inspections by 50% and achieving a steel defect detection rate of more than 90%, which equates to $7 million in annual cost savings by reducing lost production capacity from 9,000 tons to 700 tons.

• Dongyi Group Coal Gasification Company ascribes a 50% reduction in manpower requirements and a 10% increase in production efficiency – which translates to more than $1 million in annual cost savings – at its Xinyan coal mine in Lvliang (Shanxi), China, to private 5G-enabled digitization and automation of underground mining operations.

• Sinopec's (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation) explosion-proof 5G network at its Guangzhou oil refinery in Guangdong, China, has reduced accidents and harmful gas emissions by 20% and 30% respectively, resulting in an annual economic benefit of more than $4 million. The solution is being replicated across more than 30 refineries of the energy giant.  

• Since adopting a hybrid public-private 5G network to enhance the safety and efficiency of urban rail transit operations, the Guangzhou Metro rapid transit system has reduced its maintenance costs by approximately 20% using 5G-enabled digital perception applications for the real-time identification of water logging and other hazards along railway tracks.

Although the vast majority of the networks referenced above have been built using 5G equipment supplied by traditional wireless infrastructure players – from incumbents Ericsson, Nokia, and Huawei to the likes of Samsung and NEC – alternative suppliers are continuing to gain traction in the private 5G market. Noteworthy examples include Celona – whose 5G LAN solution has been deployed by over 100 customers; Globalstar – which has developed a 3GPP Release 16-compliant multipoint terrestrial RAN system optimized for dense private wireless deployments in Industry 4.0 automation environments; Airspan Networks – a well-known Open RAN and small cell technology provider; Baicells – a 4G and 5G NR access equipment manufacturer; JMA Wireless – an American RAN equipment vendor; Ataya – a private 5G startup focused on unifying and simplifying enterprise connectivity; Moso Networks – a U.S.-based provider of private 5G radio products backed by Taiwanese small cell pioneer Sercomm; Abside Networks – an American manufacturer of military-grade 5G infrastructure; Druid Software – whose mobile core platform has been deployed for private networks worldwide; HPE (Hewlett Packard Enterprise) – which is transitioning from a mobile core specialist to end-to-end private 5G network provider; Cisco Systems – a mobile core and transport network technology provider for both public and private 5G networks; Pente Networks – a mobile core and orchestration solution provider; Radisys – a RAN software vendor for many private network deployments; GXC – a private cellular technology provider recently acquired by Motive Companies; HFR Mobile – the private 5G business unit of Korean telecommunications equipment maker HFR; Qucell – another Korean manufacturer specializing in 5G small cell equipment; Askey Computer – a Taiwanese telecommunications equipment manufacturer; QCT (Quanta Cloud Technology) – a Taiwanese data center and 5G solutions provider; G REIGNS – a business unit of HTC specializing in portable private 5G network solutions; Pegatron – a Taiwanese manufacturer that has recently entered the Open RAN-compliant 5G infrastructure market; AsiaInfo Technologies – a Chinese provider of lightweight mobile core software; Siemens – which has developed an in-house private 5G network solution for use at its own plants as well as those of industrial customers; Firecell – a French startup specializing in industrial-grade private 5G solutions; CampusGenius – which has developed a customizable 5G core solution for small and medium-sized enterprises; Cumucore – a provider of mobile core software for private networks; Accelleran – a Belgian provider of Open RAN software solutions; IS-Wireless – a Polish Open RAN software vendor; Benetel – an Irish Open RAN radio developer; and Wireless Excellence – a British 5G equipment vendor. 

SNS Telecom & IT projects that annual investments in private 5G networks for vertical industries will grow at a CAGR of approximately 41% between 2025 and 2028, eventually surpassing $5 billion by the end of 2028. Much of this growth will initially be driven by highly localized 5G networks covering geographically limited areas for Industry 4.0 applications in manufacturing and process industries. Industrial giants experiencing patchy Wi-Fi coverage, cabling-related inflexibility, and network scalability limitations at their facilities are championing the private 5G movement for local area networking. Additionally, sub-1 GHz wide area critical communications networks for public safety, utilities, and railway communications are anticipated to begin their transition from LTE, GSM-R, and other legacy narrowband technologies to 5G towards the latter half of the forecast period, as 5G-Advanced technology reaches commercial maturity. Among other features for mission-critical networks, 3GPP Release 18 – which defines the first set of 5G-Advanced specifications – adds support for 5G NR equipment operating in dedicated spectrum with less than 5 MHz of bandwidth, paving the way for private 5G networks operating in sub-500 MHz, 700 MHz, 850 MHz, and 900 MHz bands for public safety broadband, smart grid modernization, and FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System).

The “Private 5G Networks: 2025 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts” report presents an in-depth assessment of the private 5G network market, including the value chain, market drivers, barriers to uptake, enabling technologies, operational and business models, vertical industries, application scenarios, key trends, future roadmap, standardization, spectrum availability and allocation, regulatory landscape, case studies, ecosystem player profiles, and strategies. The report also presents global and regional market size forecasts from 2025 to 2030. The forecasts cover three infrastructure submarkets, 16 vertical industries, and five regional markets.

The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report, as well as a database of over 7,800 global private cellular engagements – including more than 3,000 private 5G installations – as of Q2’2025.

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The report is available for the following price:

• Single User License: USD 2,500

• Company Wide License: USD 3,500

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Summary of Private 5G Engagements

Below is a summary of existing and planned private 5G engagements across 16 vertical sectors:

• Agriculture: Both experimental and production-grade private 5G networks are being utilized for application scenarios such as crop sensing, remote-controlled tractors, autonomous patrol robots, video monitoring, and AI-enabled image analytics in support of precision farming, Wagyu beef production, and poultry processing in the United States,  Germany, United Kingdom, France,  Sweden, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Brazil, and other markets.

• Aviation: Private 5G networks have been deployed or are being trialed to support internal operations at some of the busiest international and domestic airports, including Calgary, DFW (Dallas Fort Worth), Teesside, Frankfurt, Cologne Bonn, Brussels, Amsterdam Schiphol, Vienna, Athens, Oslo, Helsinki, San Sebastián, Vasil Levski Sofia, Dubai, Hong Kong, Shanghai Pudong and Hongqiao, Tokyo Narita, and Kuala Lumpur. Lufthansa, Etihad, Delta Air Lines, and JAL (Japan Airlines) are leveraging private 5G networks for aircraft maintenance operations, while ANA (All Nippon Airways) is harnessing local 5G connectivity to enhance the effectiveness of aviation training. In addition, national and cross-border A2G (Air-to-Ground) networks for in-flight broadband and critical airborne communications are also beginning to gain significant traction.

• Broadcasting: CNN (Cable News Network), BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), BT Media & Broadcast, RTÈ (Raidió Teilifís Éireann), QTV (Quipu TV Limited), Timeline Television, France Télévisions, BR (Bayerischer Rundfunk), RTL Deutschland, Media Broadcast, SWR (Südwestrundfunk), WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln), RTBF (Belgian Radio-Television of the French Community), RTVE (Radiotelevisión Española), SVT (Sveriges Television), NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation), TV 2, Yle (Yleisradio), ATM Grupa, TVBS, TBN (Trinity Broadcasting Network), WOWOW, CMG (China Media Group), Saga TV, RTM (Radio Televisyen Malaysia), and several other broadcast players are utilizing private 5G networks – both temporary and fixed installations – to support live production and other use cases from locations where wired cabling is impractical. OTT (Over-the-Top) streaming service providers such as DAZN and U-Next are also increasingly relying on portable 5G networks for real-time video distribution during sports events.

• Construction: Kolon Global, Hazama Ando Corporation, Kumagai Gumi, Obayashi Corporation, Shimizu Corporation, Taisei Corporation, Takenaka Corporation, CSCEC (China State Construction Engineering Corporation), Hoban Construction, Hip Hing Engineering, Gammon Construction, Hyundai E&C (Engineering & Construction), Ferrovial, and BAM Nuttall (Royal BAM Group) are notable examples of companies that have employed the use of private 5G networks to enhance productivity and worker safety at construction sites.

• Education: Higher education institutes are at the forefront of adopting on-premise 5G networks in campus environments. Tokyo Metropolitan University, Waseda University, SUTD (Singapore University of Technology and Design), Texas A&M University, Johns Hopkins University, Carnegie Mellon University, Purdue University, University of Notre Dame, Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University), UC Berkeley (University of California, Berkeley), Northeastern University, UWM (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Bradley University, McMaster University, Politecnico di Milano, TH Rosenheim (Rosenheim Technical University of Applied Sciences), HoME (Hochschule Merseburg University of Applied Sciences), TU Dresden (Dresden University of Technology), HSU/UniBw H (Helmut Schmidt University), RWTH Aachen University, TU Kaiserslautern (Technical University of Kaiserslautern), HOGENT (University College Ghent), VAMK (Vaasa University of Applied Sciences), AGH University of Krakow, Białystok University of Technology, CTU (Czech Technical University in Prague), CZU (Czech University of Life Sciences Prague), and Riga Technical University are among the many universities that have deployed private 5G networks for experimental research or smart campus-related applications.

• Forestry: There is considerable interest in private 5G networks to fulfill the communications needs of the forestry sector for both industrial and environmental purposes. For example, Japanese cable operator TST (Tonami Satellite Communication Television), Swedish forestry research institute Skogforsk, drone technology startup AirForestry, and several players from Europe's timber industry have been evaluating the applicability of private 5G networks for remote control of heavy forest machinery, safety monitoring in mountainous forestry environments, electric harvesting drones that thin trees from the air, and sawmill process optimization. Among other examples, SCA (Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget), Stora Enso, and Fiskarheden are deploying local 5G networks to facilitate digitization and automation at timber terminals and mills.

• Healthcare: Dedicated 5G campus networks have been installed or are being implemented to support smart healthcare applications in many hospitals, including VA healthcare systems, Boston Children's Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, Baptist Health South Florida, Nagasaki University Hospital, Kwong Wah Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, SNUBH (Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), SMC (Samsung Medical Center), Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Bethlem Royal Hospital, CHU Toulouse (Toulouse University Hospital), Frankfurt University Hospital, Helios Park Hospital Leipzig, UKD (University Hospital of Düsseldorf), UKSH (University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein), UKB (University Hospital Bonn), Gesundheit Burgenland, Maria Middelares, AZ Zeno, OYS (Oulu University Hospital), Skellefteå Hospital, Albert Einstein Hospital, and Hospital das Clínicas (São Paulo).

• Manufacturing: Dozens of manufacturers across the automotive, aerospace, shipbuilding, steelmaking, chemical production, electronics, industrial machinery, and other sectors – along with 5G equipment suppliers themselves – are investing in private 5G networks for Industry 4.0 applications at their factories. Prominent examples include but are not limited to ACOME, AGC, Airbus, Alba (Aluminium Bahrain), Ansteel, ArcelorMittal, ASN (Alcatel Submarine Networks), Atlas Copco, BASF, Belden, BMW, Bosch, Cargill, Changan Automobile, China Baowu Steel Group, CIMPOR, Cinkarna Celje, COMAC (Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China), Continental, CPF (Charoen Pokphand Foods), Cummins, Delta Electronics, Denka, EMSTEEL, FAW, Ford, Foxconn, Gerdau, Glanbia, GM (General Motors), Great Wall Motor, Gree, Haier, Hamburger Containerboard, Holmen Iggesund, Honda, Hyster-Yale, Hyundai, Inventec, INZU Group, Jacto, Jaguar Land Rover, John Deere, KAI (Korea Aerospace Industries), LG Electronics, Lürssen, LyondellBasell, Mercedes-Benz, Midea, Miele, Navantia, Nestlé, Nippon Steel, Nissan, Okaya Steel, Pegatron, Perodua, Renault, Ricoh, Roularta Media Group, Saab, SANY Heavy Industry, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Solvay, Stellantis, Stürmsfs, Summit Steel, Taiwan Taffeta Fabric, Tesla, Toyota, Usiminas, Valmet, Volkswagen, WEG, Whirlpool, X Shore, and Yara International.

• Military: Spearheaded by the U.S. DOD's (Department of Defense) FutureG Office, several programs are underway to accelerate the adoption of private 5G networks at military bases and training facilities, network slicing over public mobile infrastructure, and portable 5G systems for warfighters at the tactical edge. The U.S. military, Canadian Army, Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces), British Army,  French Army, Spanish Army, Navy and UME (Emergency Military Unit), Italian Army, Portuguese Navy, Norwegian Armed Forces, Finnish Defense Forces, Latvian Ministry of Defense, Qatar Armed Forces, Jordanian Armed Forces, ADF (Australian Defence Force), JSDF (Japan Self-Defense Forces), ROKN (Republic of Korea Navy), and Brazilian Army are among the many adopters of private cellular networks in the defense sector.

• Mining: The mining industry has also emerged as another frontrunner in the adoption of private 5G technology. Agnico Eagle Mines, Boliden, China National Coal, China Shenhua Energy, Canyon Coal, CIL (Coal India Limited), Geoalcali, LKAB, Nornickel (Norilsk Nickel), Polymetal International, Risun, SUEK, Shaanxi Coal, Shandong Energy, Zijin Mining, and several other mining groups have also invested in purpose-built 5G infrastructure for improving productivity and working safety in specific operational locations. In addition, with the allocation of AWLs (Area-Wide Apparatus Licenses) in the 3.4-4.0 GHz frequency range in remote areas of Australia, the likes of AngloGold Ashanti, Atlas Iron, BHP, CITIC Pacific Mining, Fortescue, Glencore, Newmont, Northern Star Resources, Rio Tinto, and Roy Hill are actively engaged in efforts to transition their existing private LTE installations to standalone 5G networks capable of supporting advanced digitization and automation use cases. A recent example is Newmont's implementation of a production-grade private 5G network for teleremote dozing at its Cadia gold-copper underground mine in New South Wales.

• Oil & Gas: ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company), AltaGas, Aramco (Saudi Arabian Oil Company), Cepsa, CNOOC (China National Offshore Oil Corporation), Ecopetrol, Equinor, Gazprom Neft, Hiroshima Gas, ORLEN, Osaka Gas, PCK Raffinerie, Petrobras (Petróleo Brasileiro), PetroChina/CNPC (China National Petroleum Corporation), PETRONAS (Petroliam Nasional), Repsol, Sinopec (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation), Snam, TotalEnergies, and many others in the oil and gas industry are investing in 5G-based private wireless networks. Some companies are pursuing a multi-faceted approach to address their diverse connectivity requirements. For instance, Aramco is adopting a wide area 450 MHz network for critical communications, LEO satellite-based NB-IoT coverage for the most remote IoT assets, and on-premise private 5G networks within specific facilities for advanced Industry 4.0 applications. 

• Ports & Maritime Transport: Many port and terminal operators are deploying private 5G networks to provide high-speed and low-latency wireless connectivity for applications such as AGVs, remote-controlled cranes, smart cargo handling, and predictive maintenance. Prominent examples include but are not limited to ABP (Associated British Ports), APM Terminals (Maersk), Barcelona Port Authority, CentrePort Wellington, CMPort (China Merchants Port Holdings), COSCO Shipping Ports, EUROGATE, Freeport of Riga Authority, GMP (Générale de Manutention Portuaire), Hutchison Ports, Ningbo-Zhoushan Port Group, North-Central Adriatic Sea Port Authority, PAV (Port Authority of Valencia), Port of Tyne, PSA International, Shandong Port Group, Shimizu Port Authority, SIPG (Shanghai International Port Group), Tianjin Port Group, VIMC (Vietnam Maritime Corporation), VPA (Virginia Port Authority), and Zhuhai Port Group. In the maritime transport segment, offshore 5G networks – supported by satellite backhaul links – are being implemented to provide voice, data, messaging, and IoT connectivity services for both passenger and cargo vessels while at sea.

• Public Safety: Nationwide public safety broadband platforms such as the United States’ FirstNet are entering the next phase of their evolution, with ongoing upgrades to implement standalone 5G core network functionality, enable priority and preemption over 5G NR access, and integrate 5G connectivity into deployable network assets. Smaller-scale 5G NR-equipped broadband systems are also being adopted by first responder agencies and municipal governments. Two recent deployments include the standalone private 5G networks of Gimcheon City’s Integrated Control Center and Madrid City Council, which support applications such as high-definition video surveillance and AI analytics for citizen security. Other examples extend from Hsinchu City Fire Department’s satellite-backhauled private 5G network for emergency communications in disaster zones and Norwegian Air Ambulance’s private 5G-based NOW (Network-on-Wheels) system to the 5G projects of Belgium's Federal Public Service Mobility and Transport, Toulouse and Chartres metropolises, Pato Branco City Council, Lishui Municipal Emergency Management Bureau, Kaohsiung City Police Department, PDRM (Royal Malaysia Police), New Zealand Police, and Guardia Civil (Spanish Civil Guard).

• Railways: Although a full-scale transition from GSM-R to FRMCS implementations is not expected until the late 2020s, several 5G-based networks for railway communications are being deployed, including New York City Subway’s implementation of a private 5G network to support CBTC (Communications-Based Train Control) operations for its Crosstown Line; DB's (Deutsche Bahn) $10 million 5G campus network buildout in its maintenance depots, train formation and transshipment facilities, and the installation of FRMCS-ready cell sites along the Hamburg-Berlin rail corridor; Adif’s dedicated 5G infrastructure at logistics terminals and its $7 million tender for the implementation of FRMCS technology throughout the Asunción Universidad-Matallana section of the León-Guardo narrow-gauge line; the ECH-R (England’s Connected Heartland Railways) private 5G network on EWR’s (East West Rail) track between Bicester and Bletchley; Hanshin Electric Railway's standalone local 5G installation for improving safety at railroad crossings and platforms; POSCO's private 5G network that links autonomous locomotives and railway control systems; Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation's private 5G network for tunnel surveillance in the Taipei MRT metro system; Shanghai Metro’s hybrid public-private 5G network; Guangzhou Metro's 5G + Smart Metro project; and China State Railway Group's 5G-R program. In addition, Tokyo Metro, KORAIL (Korea Railroad Corporation), Network Rail, SNCF (French National Railways), SBB (Swiss Federal Railways), FTIA (Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency), PKP (Polish State Railways), and others are also progressing their 5G rail connectivity projects in preparation for operational deployment.

• Utilities: Private 5G networks in the utilities industry range from FANs (Field Area Networks) for smart grid communications to localized networks aimed at providing wireless connectivity in critical infrastructure facilities such as power plants, substations, and offshore wind farms. Some examples of end user adopters include ČEZ Group, Chubu Electric Power, CNNC (China National Nuclear Corporation), CSG (China Southern Power Grid), DEWA (Dubai Electricity & Water Authority), EDF, EDP (Energias de Portugal), Efacec, Endeavour Energy, Enel, Hokkaido Electric Power, Kansai Electric Power, KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation), K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), Kyushu Electric Power, LCRA (Lower Colorado River Authority), Red Eléctrica, SCE (Southern California Edison), and SGCC (State Grid Corporation of China).

• Warehousing & Others: Walmart, Dot Foods, Arvato, KLG Europe, JD Logistics, Sinotrans, Nippon Express, Yes24, Riman Korea, CJ Logistics, Posten (Norwegian Postal Service), and many others have installed private 5G infrastructure for smart warehousing applications. Additional vertical sectors where private 5G networks are being adopted extend from sports, arts, and culture to retail, hospitality, public services, and road transport. From a horizontal perspective, enterprise RAN systems for indoor coverage enhancement are relatively common, and end-to-end private networks are also starting to be implemented in office buildings and campuses. Meta, BlackRock, Imagin'Office (Icade), Mitsui Fudosan, Mori Building Company, NAVER, Fastpartner, and WISTA Management are among the companies that have deployed on-premise private 5G networks in office environments.

Key Findings

The report has the following key findings:

• SNS Telecom & IT projects that annual investments in private 5G networks for vertical industries will grow at a CAGR of approximately 41% between 2025 and 2028, eventually surpassing $5 billion by the end of 2028. Much of this growth will initially be driven by highly localized 5G networks covering geographically limited areas for Industry 4.0 applications in manufacturing and process industries. 

• Industrial giants experiencing patchy Wi-Fi coverage, cabling-related inflexibility, and network scalability limitations at their facilities are championing the private 5G movement for local area networking. Additionally, sub-1 GHz wide area critical communications networks for public safety, utilities, and railway communications are anticipated to begin their transition from LTE, GSM-R, and other legacy narrowband technologies to 5G towards the latter half of the forecast period, as 5G Advanced – 5G's next evolutionarily phase –  reaches commercial maturity. 

• As end user organizations ramp up their digitization and automation initiatives, some private 5G installations have progressed to a stage where practical and tangible benefits are becoming increasingly evident. Notably, private 5G networks have resulted in productivity and efficiency gains for specific manufacturing, quality control, and intralogistics processes in the range of 20 to 90%, labor cost savings of 55% at a warehousing facility, up to 40% lower operating expenditures at an intermodal rail terminal, reductions in worker accidents and harmful gas emissions by 20% and 30% respectively at an oil refinery, and a 50% decrease in manpower requirements for underground mining operations.

• Spectrum liberalization initiatives – particularly shared and local spectrum licensing frameworks for 5G NR frequency bands such as n38 (2.6 GHz), n40 (2.3 GHz), n48 (3.5 GHz), n77 (3.8-4.2 GHz), n78 (3.7-3.8 GHz), and n79 (4.6-4.9 GHz) – are playing a pivotal role in accelerating the adoption of private 5G networks. Telecommunications regulators in multiple national markets – including the United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania, Moldova, Bahrain, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Australia, and Brazil – have released or are in the process of granting access to shared and local area licensed spectrum.

• By capitalizing on their extensive licensed spectrum holdings, infrastructure assets, and cellular networking expertise, national mobile operators have continued to retain a significant presence in the private 5G network market, even in countries where shared and local area licensed spectrum is available. With an expanded focus on vertical B2B (Business-to-Business) opportunities in the 5G era, mobile operators are actively involved in diverse projects extending from localized 5G networks for secure and reliable wireless connectivity in industrial and enterprise environments to sliced hybrid public-private networks that integrate on-premise 5G infrastructure with a dedicated slice of public mobile network resources for wide area coverage.

• With channels sales accounting for over two-thirds of all private 5G contracts, global system integrators and new classes of private network service providers have also found success in the market. Notable examples include but are not limited to NTT, Fujitsu, Accenture, Capgemini, Kyndryl, Booz Allen Hamilton, Future Technologies Venture, STEP CG, Kajeet, Tampnet, iNET (Infrastructure Networks), Ambra Solutions, PMY Group, Vocus, Aqura, Federated Wireless, Betacom, InfiniG, Ballast Networks, Fortress Solutions, HALO Networks, Meter Cellular, Sigma Wireless, Dense Air, MUGLER, Alsatis, Axians, Axione, Hub One, Telent, Logicalis, Telet Research, Citymesh, RADTONICS, Grape One, NS Solutions, OPTAGE, Wave-In Communication, LG CNS, SEJONG Telecom, CJ OliveNetworks, Megazone Cloud, Nable Communications, Qubicom, NewGens, and Comsol, and the private 5G business units of neutral host infrastructure providers such as Boldyn Networks, American Tower, Boingo Wireless, Freshwave, Shared Access, and Digita.

• Although the vast majority of existing private 5G networks have been built using equipment supplied by traditional wireless infrastructure players – from incumbents Ericsson, Nokia, and Huawei to the likes of Samsung and NEC – alternative suppliers are continuing to gain traction in the market. There is much greater OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) and vendor diversity than in the public mobile network segment with other players making their presence known in markets as far afield as the United States, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, and Australia. 

• Examples include Celona, Globalstar, Airspan Networks, Baicells, Mavenir, Telrad Networks, BLiNQ Networks, JMA Wireless, Ataya, Moso Networks (Sercomm), Abside Networks, SEMPRE, Oceus Networks, Ubiik, Star Solutions, Expeto, Druid Software, HPE (Hewlett Packard Enterprise), Cisco Systems, Pente Networks, Monogoto, A5G Networks, Radisys, GXC, Wilson Connectivity, Nextivity, SOLiD, HFR Mobile, Qucell, Askey Computer, QCT (Quanta Cloud Technology), G REIGNS, Pegatron, Siemens, Firecell, Obvios, BubbleRAN, Amarisoft, CampusGenius, Cumucore, Accelleran, IS-Wireless, Effnet, Node-H, SRS (Software Radio Systems), Benetel, AttoCore, cellXica, JET Connectivity, Neutral Wireless, Wireless Excellence, Antevia Networks, ASOCS, ASELSAN, PROTEI, and Trópico.

• There is a growing focus on private 5G security solutions enabling device management, network visibility, traffic segregation, access control, and threat prevention across both IT (Information Technology) and OT (Operational Technology) domains. Some of the key players in this segment include OneLayer, Palo Alto Networks, Fortinet, Trend Micro’s subsidiary CTOne, and Thales. Network orchestration and management is another area garnering considerable interest, with solutions from companies like Highway 9 Networks, Neutroon Technologies, Nearby Computing, NEC’s Netcracker division, and Weaver Labs.

• As the market moves toward mainstream adoption, funding is ramping up for private 5G infrastructure and connectivity specialists. For example, Celona has raised over $135 million in venture funding to date, while Druid Software recently secured $20 million in strategic growth capital to expand into verticals such as defense, shipping, and utilities. Firecell and Monogoto raised $7.2 million and $27 million respectively in seed and Series A funding rounds last year. Highway 9 Networks also secured $25 million in venture funding. Most recently, SEMPRE has closed its $14.3 million Series A funding round to support deployments of secure and resilient 5G infrastructure products across defense and commercial markets.

• Although greater vendor diversity is beginning to be reflected in infrastructure sales, an atmosphere of acquisitions persists as highlighted by recent deals such as the sale of Corning's small cell RAN and DAS (Distributed Antenna System) portfolio to Airspan Networks,  Motive Companies' acquisition of private cellular technology provider GXC, and Riedel Communications' buyout of former Nokia spinoff and 5G campus network specialist MECSware. An earlier example is HPE’s acquisition of Italian mobile core technology provider Athonet two years ago.

• The service provider segment is not immune to consolidation either. For example, Boldyn Networks recently acquired SML (Smart Mobile Labs), a German provider of bespoke private 5G networks and turnkey applications. This follows Boldyn's 2024 takeover of Cellnex's private networks business unit, which largely included Edzcom – a private 4G/5G specialist with installations in Finland, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

• Another recent development is Day Wireless Systems' acquisition of Sigma Wireless, a leading private 5G system integrator in Ireland. Consolidation activity has also been underway in other national markets.  In Australia, for instance, Vocus acquired Challenge Networks in 2023 and Telstra Purple took over Aqura Technologies in 2022 — both well-known pioneers in industrial private wireless networks. 

Topics Covered

The report covers the following topics: 

• Introduction to private 5G networks

• Value chain and ecosystem structure

• Market drivers and challenges

• System architecture and key elements of private 5G networks

• Operational and business models, network size, geographic reach and other practical aspects of private 5G networks

• Industry 4.0-driven wireless connectivity requirements, critical communications broadband evolution, enterprise transformation and other themes shaping the adoption of private 5G networks

• Enabling technologies and concepts, including 3GPP-defined URLLC, TSC, DetNet, NR-U, SNPN and PNI-NPN, MCX, RedCap, cellular IoT, high-precision positioning, network slicing, edge computing and network automation capabilities

• Key trends such as the emergence of new classes of specialized network operators, shared and local area spectrum licensing, private NaaS (Network-as-a-Service) offerings, IT/OT convergence, Open RAN, vRAN and rapidly deployable 5G systems

• Analysis of vertical industries and application scenarios such as reconfigurable wireless production lines, collaborative mobile robots, autonomous transport systems, untethered AR/VR/MR (Augmented, Virtual & Mixed Reality), UHD (Ultra High-Definition) video transmission, machine vision, digital twins and mission-critical group communications

• Future roadmap of private 5G networks

• Review of private 5G network installations worldwide, including 120 case studies spanning 16 verticals

• Database tracking more than 3,000 private 5G installations in over 60 countries across the globe

• Spectrum availability, allocation and usage across the global, regional and national domains

• Standardization, regulatory and collaborative initiatives

• Profiles and strategies of more than 1,800 ecosystem players

• Strategic recommendations for 5G equipment and chipset suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists, mobile operators and end user organizations

• Market analysis and forecasts from 2025 to 2030

Forecast Segmentation

Market forecasts are provided for each of the following submarkets and their subcategories:

• Infrastructure Submarkets

  • 5G NR RAN (Radio Access Network)

    • Base Station RUs (Radio Units)

    • DUs/CUs (Distributed & Centralized Baseband Units)

  • 5GC (5G Core)

    • UPF (User Plane Function)

    • Control Plane Functions

  • 5G Transport (Fronthaul, Midhaul & Backhaul)

    • Fiber & Wireline

    • Microwave

    • Satellite Communications

• Cell Sizes

  • Small Cells

    • Indoor

    • Outdoor

  • Macrocells

• Frequency Ranges

  • Sub-6 GHz

  • mmWave (Millimeter Wave)

• End User Markets

  • Vertical Industries

    • Agriculture

    • Aviation

    • Broadcasting

    • Construction

    • Education

    • Forestry

    • Healthcare

    • Manufacturing

    • Military

    • Mining

    • Oil & Gas

    • Ports & Maritime Transport

    • Public Safety

    • Railways

    • Utilities

    • Warehousing & Others

  • Offices, Buildings & Public Venues

• Regional Markets

  • North America

  • Asia Pacific

  • Europe

  • Middle East & Africa

  • Latin & Central America

Key Questions Answered 

The report provides answers to the following key questions:

• How big is the private 5G network opportunity?

• What trends, drivers and challenges are influencing its growth?

• What will the market size be in 2028, and at what rate will it grow?

• Which submarkets, verticals and regions will see the highest percentage of growth?

• What is the status of private 5G network adoption in each country, and what are the primary application scenarios of these networks?

• How is private 5G connectivity facilitating the digital transformation of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, transportation, utilities, warehousing and other vertical industries?

• What are the practical and quantifiable benefits of private 5G networks in terms of productivity improvement, cost reduction and worker safety?

• What are the key characteristics of standalone private 5G connectivity, and when will URLLC, TSC, RedCap and other 3GPP-defined IIoT features be widely employed?

• Where does network slicing for differentiated service requirements fit in the private cellular networking space?

• How can private edge computing accommodate latency-sensitive applications while enhancing data sovereignty and security?

• What are the existing and candidate frequency bands for the operation of private 5G networks?

• How are CBRS and other coordinated shared/local spectrum licensing frameworks accelerating the uptake of private 5G networks?

• What are the prospects of private 5G networks operating in mmWave spectrum?

• What is the outlook for 5G NR-U (NR in Unlicensed Spectrum) deployments?

• How do private 5G networks compare with Wi-Fi 6/6E/7 systems in industrial settings?

• When will sub-1 GHz critical communications LTE networks begin their transition to 5G technology?

• How can satellite backhaul and direct-to-device NTN (Non-Terrestrial Network) access expand the reach of private 5G networks in remote environments?

• How are telecommunications infrastructure giants, national mobile operators and other incumbents asserting their presence in the private 5G market? 

• What opportunities exist for managed private 5G service providers, neutral host operators, global system integrators, hyperscalers and other new entrants?

• Who are the key ecosystem players, and what are their strategies?

• What strategies should 5G equipment suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists and mobile operators adopt to remain competitive?

Table of Contents 

1 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Executive Summary

1.2 Topics Covered

1.3 Forecast Segmentation

1.4 Key Questions Answered

1.5 Key Findings

1.6 Summary of Private 5G Engagements

1.7 Methodology

1.8 Target Audience

2 Chapter 2: An Overview of Private 5G Networks

2.1 An Introduction to the 3GPP-Defined 5G Standard

2.1.1 What is 5G?

2.1.2 5G Service Profiles

2.1.2.1 eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband)

2.1.2.2 URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications)

2.1.2.3 mMTC/mIoT (Massive Machine-Type Communications/Internet of Things)

2.1.3 5G Advanced & the Evolution to 6G

2.1.4 The Significance of Vertical Industries in the 5G Era

2.2 Why Utilize 5G for Private Wireless Networks?

2.2.1 Performance, Mobility, Reliability & Security Characteristics

2.2.2 Ability to Address Both Wide Area & Localized Coverage Needs

2.2.3 Variety of Frequency Bands, Bandwidth Flexibility & Spectral Efficiency

2.2.4 Interworking With Public Mobile Networks & Non-3GPP Technologies

2.2.5 3GPP Support for Industrial-Grade & Mission-Critical Applications

2.2.6 Future-Proof Transition Path Towards 6G Networks

2.2.7 Thriving Ecosystem of Chipsets, Devices & Network Equipment

2.2.8 Economic Viability of Deployment & Operational Costs

2.3 Key Themes Influencing the Adoption of Private 5G Networks

2.3.1 Industry 4.0-Driven Wireless Connectivity Requirements

2.3.2 Critical Communications Broadband Evolution

2.3.3 Localized Cellular Coverage for Enterprise Transformation Initiatives

2.3.4 Neutral Hosting, Smart Cities, Community Broadband & Other Themes

2.4 Practical Aspects of Private 5G Networks

2.4.1 5G Technology Deployment Modes

2.4.1.1 NSA (Non-Standalone) 5G

2.4.1.2 SA (Standalone) 5G

2.4.2 Spectrum Options

2.4.2.1 National Spectrum for Specific Applications

2.4.2.1.1 Defense & PPDR (Public Protection & Disaster Relief)

2.4.2.1.2 Utilities & Critical Infrastructure Industries

2.4.2.1.3 Aviation, Maritime & Railway Communications

2.4.2.1.4 Other Segments

2.4.2.2 Local Area Licensed Spectrum

2.4.2.2.1 Local Area Licenses for Enterprises & Vertical Users

2.4.2.2.2 Local Leasing of Public Mobile Operator Frequencies

2.4.2.2.3 ASA (Authorized Shared Access) & Light Licensing

2.4.2.3 Unlicensed Spectrum

2.4.2.3.1 Designated License-Exempt Bands

2.4.2.3.2 Opportunistic Unlicensed Access

2.4.3 Network Size & Geographic Reach

2.4.3.1 Wide Area Private Cellular Networks

2.4.3.2 Medium-Scale Local Area Networks

2.4.3.3 On-Premise Campus Networks

2.4.4 Operational Scenarios

2.4.4.1 Isolated NPNs (Non-Public Networks)

2.4.4.2 Public Mobile Operator-Integrated NPNs

2.4.4.2.1 Dedicated Mobile Operator RAN Coverage

2.4.4.2.2 Shared RAN With On-Premise Core

2.4.4.2.3 Shared RAN & Control Plane

2.4.4.2.4 NPNs Hosted By Public Networks

2.4.4.3 Virtual Sliced Private Networks

2.4.4.4 Hybrid Public-Private Networks

2.4.4.5 Shared Core Private Networks

2.4.4.6 Secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) Arrangements

2.4.4.7 Other Approaches

2.4.5 Business Models

2.4.5.1 Fully Independent Private Networks

2.4.5.2 Service Provider-Managed Private Networks

2.4.5.3 Hybrid Ownership, Management & Control

2.4.5.4 Private NaaS (Network-as-a-Service)

2.4.5.5 Other Business Models

2.5 The Value Chain of Private 5G Networks

2.5.1 Semiconductor & Enabling Technology Specialists

2.5.2 Terminal OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)

2.5.3 RAN, Core & Transport Infrastructure Suppliers

2.5.4 Service Providers

2.5.4.1 Critical Communications, Industrial, OT & IT System Integrators

2.5.4.2 Pure-Play Private 5G Network Operators

2.5.4.3 National Mobile Operators

2.5.4.4 MVNOs

2.5.4.5 Neutral Hosts

2.5.4.6 Towercos (Tower Companies)

2.5.4.7 Cloud & Edge Platform Providers

2.5.4.8 Fixed-Line Service Providers

2.5.4.9 Fiber Network Operators

2.5.4.10 Satellite Communications Service Providers

2.5.5 End User Organizations

2.5.6 Other Ecosystem Players

2.6 Market Drivers

2.6.1 Growing Demand for High-Bandwidth & Low-Latency Wireless Applications

2.6.2 Endorsement From the Industry 4.0 & Critical Communications Sectors

2.6.3 Limited Public Cellular Coverage in Indoor, Industrial & Remote Environments

2.6.4 Availability of Suitable Spectrum Options for Private Use

2.6.5 Guaranteed Connectivity & QoS (Quality-of-Service) Control

2.6.6 Greater Levels of Network Security & Data Privacy

2.6.7 Operators' & Vendors' Desire for New Revenue Sources

2.6.8 Government-Funded 5G Innovation Initiatives

2.7 Market Barriers

2.7.1 Cost & ROI (Return-On-Investment) Justification

2.7.2 Technical Complexities of Network Deployment & Operation

2.7.3 Integration With Existing Infrastructure & Applications

2.7.4 Limited Scale Effects Due to Lack of Spectrum Harmonization

2.7.5 Competition From Non-3GPP Technologies & Solutions

2.7.6 5G Terminal Equipment-Related Challenges

2.7.7 Skills Gap & Shortage of Proficient Engineers

2.7.8 Conservatism & Slow Pace of Change

3 Chapter 3: System Architecture & Technologies for Private 5G Networks

3.1 Architectural Components of Private 5G Networks

3.2 UE (User Equipment)

3.2.1 Smartphones & Handportable Devices

3.2.2 Industrial-Grade Routers & Gateways

3.2.3 Mobile Hotspots & Vehicular Terminals

3.2.4 Fixed Wireless CPEs (Customer Premises Equipment)

3.2.5 Tablets & Notebook PCs

3.2.6 Smart Wearables

3.2.7 Cellular IoT Modules

3.2.8 Add-On Dongles

3.3 RAN (Radio Access Network)

3.3.1 NG-RAN – 5G NR Access Network

3.3.1.1 gNBs – 5G NR Base Stations

3.3.1.2 en-gNBs – Secondary Node 5G NR Base Stations

3.3.1.3 ng-eNBs – Next-Generation LTE Base Stations

3.3.2 Architectural Components of gNB Base Stations

3.3.2.1 RUs (Radio Units)

3.3.2.2 Integrated Radio & Baseband Units

3.3.2.3 DUs (Distributed Baseband Units)

3.3.2.4 CUs (Centralized Baseband Units)

3.4 Mobile Core

3.4.1 5GC (5G Core): Core Network for Standalone 5G Implementations

3.4.1.1 Access, Mobility & Session Management

3.4.1.1.1 AMF (Access & Mobility Management Function)

3.4.1.1.2 SMF (Session Management Function)

3.4.1.1.3 UPF (User Plane Function)

3.4.1.2 Subscription & Data Management

3.4.1.2.1 AUSF (Authentication Server Function)

3.4.1.2.2 AAnF (AKMA Anchor Function)

3.4.1.2.3 UDM (Unified Data Management)

3.4.1.2.4 UDR (Unified Data Repository)

3.4.1.2.5 UDSF (Unstructured Data Storage Function)

3.4.1.2.6 UCMF (UE Radio Capability Management Function)

3.4.1.2.7 5G-EIR (5G Equipment Identity Register)

3.4.1.3 Policy & Charging

3.4.1.3.1 PCF (Policy Control Function)

3.4.1.3.2 CHF (Charging Function)

3.4.1.4 Signaling & Routing

3.4.1.4.1 SCP (Service Communication Proxy)

3.4.1.4.2 SEPP (Security Edge Protection Proxy)

3.4.1.4.3 BSF (Binding Support Function)

3.4.1.5 Network Resource Management

3.4.1.5.1 NEF (Network Exposure Function)

3.4.1.5.2 NRF (Network Repository Function)

3.4.1.5.3 NSSF (Network Slice Selection Function)

3.4.1.5.4 NSSAAF (Network Slice-Specific & SNPN Authentication-Authorization Function)

3.4.1.5.5 NSACF (Network Slice Admission Control Function)

3.4.1.6 Data Analytics & Automation

3.4.1.6.1 NWDAF (Network Data Analytics Function)

3.4.1.6.2 AnLF (Analytics Logical Function)

3.4.1.6.3 MTLF (Model Training Logical Function)

3.4.1.6.4 DCCF (Data Collection Coordination Function)

3.4.1.6.5 ADRF (Analytics Data Repository Function)

3.4.1.6.6 MFAF (Messaging Framework Adaptor Function)

3.4.1.7 Location Services

3.4.1.7.1 LMF (Location Management Function)

3.4.1.7.2 GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center)

3.4.1.8 Application Enablement

3.4.1.8.1 AFs (Application Functions)

3.4.1.8.2 SMSF (Short Message Service Function)

3.4.1.8.3 CBCF (Cell Broadcast Center Function)

3.4.1.8.4 5G DDNMF (5G Direct Discovery Name Management Function)

3.4.1.8.5 TSCTSF (Time-Sensitive Communication & Time Synchronization Function)

3.4.1.8.6 TSN AF (Time-Sensitive Networking Application Function)

3.4.1.8.7 EASDF (Edge Application Server Discovery Function)

3.4.1.9 Multicast-Broadcast Support

3.4.1.9.1 MB-SMF (Multicast-Broadcast SMF)

3.4.1.9.2 MB-UPF (Multicast-Broadcast UPF)

3.4.1.9.3 MBSF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Function)

3.4.1.9.4 MBSTF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Transport Function)

3.5 Transport Network

3.5.1 Fronthaul: RU-to-DU Transport

3.5.2 Midhaul: DU-to-CU Transport

3.5.3 Backhaul: RAN-to-Core Transport

3.5.4 Physical Transmission Mediums

3.5.4.1 Fiber & Wireline Transport Technologies

3.5.4.1.1 Owned, Lit & Dark Fiber

3.5.4.1.2 Ethernet & IP-Based Transport

3.5.4.1.3 WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

3.5.4.1.4 PON (Passive Optical Network)

3.5.4.1.5 OTN (Optical Transport Network)

3.5.4.1.6 DOCSIS, G.fast & Other Technologies

3.5.4.2 Microwave & mmWave (Millimeter Wave) Wireless Links

3.5.4.2.1 Traditional Bands (6 – 42 GHz)

3.5.4.2.2 V-Band (60 GHz)

3.5.4.2.3 E-Band (70/80 GHz)

3.5.4.2.4 W-Band (92 – 114.25 GHz)

3.5.4.2.5 D-Band (130 – 174.8 GHz)

3.5.4.3 Satellite Communications

3.5.4.3.1 GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)

3.5.4.3.2 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)

3.5.4.3.3 LEO (Low Earth Orbit)

3.6 Services & Interconnectivity

3.6.1 End User Application Services

3.6.1.1 Generic Broadband, Messaging & IoT Services

3.6.1.2 IMS Core: VoNR (Voice Over NR) & MMTel (Multimedia Telephony)

3.6.1.3 5G MBS/5MBS (5G Multicast-Broadcast Services)

3.6.1.4 Group Communications & MCS (Mission-Critical Services)

3.6.1.5 IIoT (Industrial IoT), Cyber-Physical Control & Domain-Specific Connected Services

3.6.1.6 ProSe (Proximity-Based Services) for Direct D2D (Device-to-Device) Discovery & Communications

3.6.1.7 Vehicular, Aviation, Maritime & Railway-Related Applications

3.6.1.8 3GPP Service Frameworks for Vertical Industries

3.6.1.8.1 CAPIF (Common API Framework)

3.6.1.8.2 SEAL (Service Enabler Architecture Layer for Verticals)

3.6.1.8.3 EDGEAPP (Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications)

3.6.1.9 VAL (Vertical Application Layer) Enablers

3.6.1.9.1 V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything)

3.6.1.9.2 UAS (Uncrewed Aerial Systems)

3.6.1.9.3 5GMARCH/MSGin5G (Messaging in 5G)

3.6.1.9.4 FF (Factories of the Future)

3.6.1.9.5 PINAPP (Personal IoT Networks), XR (Extended Reality) & Others

3.6.2 Interconnectivity With 3GPP & Non-3GPP Networks

3.6.2.1 3GPP Roaming & Service Continuity

3.6.2.1.1 National & International Roaming

3.6.2.1.2 Service Continuity Outside Network Footprint

3.6.2.2 Non-3GPP Network Integration

3.6.2.2.1 N3IWF (Non-3GPP Interworking Function)

3.6.2.2.2 TNGF (Trusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function)

3.6.2.2.3 TWIF (Trusted WLAN Interworking Function)

3.6.2.2.4 NSWOF (Non-Seamless WLAN Offload Function)

3.6.2.2.5 W-AGF (Wireline Access Gateway Function)

3.6.2.2.6 IWF (Interworking Function) for LMR (Land Mobile Radio)

3.6.2.2.7 ATSSS (Access Traffic Steering, Switching & Splitting)

3.7 Key Enabling Technologies & Concepts

3.7.1 3GPP Support for NPNs (Non-Public Networks)

3.7.1.1 Types of NPNs

3.7.1.1.1 SNPNs (Standalone NPNs)

3.7.1.1.2 PNI-NPNs (Public Network-Integrated NPNs)

3.7.1.2 SNPN Identification & Selection

3.7.1.3 PNI-NPN Resource Allocation & Isolation

3.7.1.4 CAG (Closed Access Group) for Cell Access Control

3.7.1.5 Mobility, Roaming & Service Continuity

3.7.1.6 Interworking Between SNPNs & Public Networks

3.7.1.7 UE Configuration & Subscription-Related Aspects

3.7.1.8 Other 3GPP-Defined Capabilities for NPNs

3.7.2 Mobile Broadband Evolution

3.7.2.1 Massive MIMO, Beamforming & Advanced Antenna Systems

3.7.2.2 Air Interface Design & Optimizations

3.7.2.3 CA (Carrier Aggregation) & Multi-Carrier Operations

3.7.2.4 Expansion Into Higher Frequency Spectrum Bands

3.7.3 Industry 4.0 & Cellular IoT

3.7.3.1 URLLC Techniques: High-Reliability & Low-Latency Enablers

3.7.3.2 5G LAN (Local Area Network)-Type Service

3.7.3.3 Integration With IEEE 802.1 TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) Systems

3.7.3.4 Native 3GPP Framework for TSC (Time-Sensitive Communications)

3.7.3.5 Support for IETF DetNet (Deterministic Networking)

3.7.3.6 5G NR Light: RedCap (Reduced Capability) UE Type

3.7.3.7 eMTC, NB-IoT & mMTC: Wide Area & High-Density IoT Applications

3.7.4 Critical Communications

3.7.4.1 MCX (Mission-Critical PTT, Video & Data)

3.7.4.2 QPP (QoS, Priority & Preemption)

3.7.4.3 IOPS (Isolated Operation for Public Safety)

3.7.4.4 Cell Site & Infrastructure Hardening

3.7.4.5 HPUE (High-Power User Equipment)

3.7.4.6 Other UE-Related Functional Enhancements

3.7.5 High-Precision Positioning

3.7.5.1 Assisted-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

3.7.5.2 RAN-Based Positioning Techniques

3.7.5.3 RAN-Independent Methods

3.7.6 Edge Computing

3.7.6.1 Optimizing Latency, Service Performance & Backhaul Costs

3.7.6.2 3GPP-Defined Features for Edge Computing Support

3.7.6.3 Public vs. Private Edge Computing

3.7.7 Network Slicing

3.7.7.1 Logical Partitioning of Network Resources

3.7.7.2 3GPP Functions, Identifiers & Procedures for Slicing

3.7.7.3 RAN Slicing

3.7.7.4 Mobile Core Slicing

3.7.7.5 Transport Network Slicing

3.7.7.6 UE-Based Network Slicing Features

3.7.7.7 Management & Orchestration Aspects

3.7.8 Network Sharing

3.7.8.1 Service-Specific PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) IDs

3.7.8.2 DNN (Data Network Name)-Based Isolation

3.7.8.3 GWCN (Gateway Core Network): Core Network Sharing

3.7.8.4 MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Network): RAN & Spectrum Sharing

3.7.8.5 MORAN (Multi-Operator RAN): RAN Sharing Without Spectrum Pooling

3.7.8.6 DECOR (Dedicated Core) & eDECOR (Enhanced DECOR)

3.7.8.7 Roaming in Non-Overlapping Service Areas

3.7.8.8 Passive Sharing of Infrastructure Resources

3.7.9 E2E (End-to-End) Security

3.7.9.1 UE Authentication Framework

3.7.9.2 Subscriber Privacy

3.7.9.3 Air Interface Confidentiality & Integrity

3.7.9.4 Resilience Against Radio Jamming

3.7.9.5 RAN, Core & Transport Network Security

3.7.9.6 Security Aspects of Network Slicing

3.7.9.7 Application Domain Protection

3.7.9.8 Other Security Considerations

3.7.10 Shared & Unlicensed Spectrum

3.7.10.1 DSS (Dynamic Spectrum Sharing): LTE & 5G NR Coexistence

3.7.10.2 CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service): Three-Tiered Sharing

3.7.10.3 LSA (Licensed Shared Access) & eLSA (Evolved LSA): Two-Tiered Sharing

3.7.10.4 AFC (Automated Frequency Coordination): License-Exempt Sharing

3.7.10.5 Local Area Licensing of Shared Spectrum

3.7.10.6 5G NR-U (NR in Unlicensed Spectrum)

3.7.11 Rapidly Deployable 5G Network Systems

3.7.11.1 NIB (Network-in-a-Box) Systems

3.7.11.2 Vehicular COWs (Cells-on-Wheels)

3.7.11.3 Aerial Cell Sites

3.7.11.4 Maritime Cellular Platforms

3.7.12 Direct Communications & Coverage Expansion

3.7.12.1 Sidelink for Direct Mode D2D Communications

3.7.12.2 UE-to-Network & UE-to-UE Relays

3.7.12.3 Indoor & Outdoor Small Cells

3.7.12.4 DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)

3.7.12.5 IAB (Integrated Access & Backhaul)

3.7.12.6 Mobile IAB: VMRs (Vehicle-Mounted Relays)

3.7.12.7 NCRs (Network-Controlled Repeaters)

3.7.12.8 NTNs (Non-Terrestrial Networks)

3.7.12.9 ATG/A2G (Air-to-Ground) Connectivity

3.7.13 Cloud-Native, Software-Driven & Open Networking

3.7.13.1 Cloud-Native Technologies

3.7.13.2 Microservices & SBA (Service-Based Architecture)

3.7.13.3 Containerization of Network Functions

3.7.13.4 NFV (Network Functions Virtualization)

3.7.13.5 SDN (Software-Defined Networking)

3.7.13.6 Cloud Compute, Storage & Networking Infrastructure

3.7.13.7 APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)

3.7.13.8 Open RAN & Core Architectures

3.7.14 Network Intelligence & Automation

3.7.14.1 AI (Artificial Intelligence)

3.7.14.2 Machine & Deep Learning

3.7.14.3 Big Data & Advanced Analytics

3.7.14.4 SON (Self-Organizing Networks)

3.7.14.5 Intelligent Control, Management & Orchestration

3.7.14.6 Support for Network Intelligence & Automation in 3GPP Standards

4 Chapter 4: Key Vertical Industries & Applications

4.1 Cross-Sector & Enterprise Application Capabilities

4.1.1 Mobile Broadband

4.1.2 FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)

4.1.3 Voice & Messaging Services

4.1.4 High-Definition Video Transmission

4.1.5 Telepresence & Video Conferencing

4.1.6 Multimedia Broadcasting & Multicasting

4.1.7 IoT (Internet of Things) Networking

4.1.8 Wireless Connectivity for Wearables

4.1.9 Untethered AR/VR/MR (Augmented, Virtual & Mixed Reality)

4.1.10 Real-Time Holographic Projections

4.1.11 Tactile Internet & Haptic Feedback

4.1.12 Precise Positioning & Tracking

4.1.13 Industrial Automation

4.1.14 Remote Control of Machines

4.1.15 Connected Mobile Robotics

4.1.16 Unmanned & Autonomous Vehicles

4.1.17 BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight) Operation of Drones

4.1.18 Data-Driven Analytics & Insights

4.1.19 Sensor-Equipped Digital Twins

4.1.20 Predictive Maintenance of Assets

4.2 Vertical Industries & Specific Application Scenarios

4.2.1 Agriculture

4.2.1.1 Intelligent Monitoring of Crop, Soil & Weather Conditions

4.2.1.2 IoT & Advanced Analytics-Driven Yield Optimization

4.2.1.3 Sensor-Based Smart Irrigation Control Systems

4.2.1.4 Real-Time Tracking & Geofencing in Farms

4.2.1.5 Livestock & Aquaculture Health Management

4.2.1.6 Video-Based Remote Veterinary Inspections

4.2.1.7 Unmanned Autonomous Tractors & Farm Vehicles

4.2.1.8 Robots for Planting, Weeding & Harvesting

4.2.1.9 5G-Equipped Agricultural Drones

4.2.1.10 Connected Greenhouses & Vertical Farms

4.2.2 Aviation

4.2.2.1 Inflight Connectivity for Passengers & Cabin Crew

4.2.2.2 Connected Airports for Enhanced Traveler & Visitor Experience

4.2.2.3 Coordination of Ground Support Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel

4.2.2.4 ATM (Air Traffic Management) for Drones & Urban Air Mobility Vehicles

4.2.2.5 Wireless Upload of EFB (Electronic Flight Bag) & IFE (In-Flight Entertainment) Updates

4.2.2.6 Aircraft Data Offload for Operational & Maintenance Purposes

4.2.2.7 Video Surveillance of Airport Surface & Terminal Areas

4.2.2.8 5G-Enabled Remote Inspection & Repair of Aircraft

4.2.2.9 Navigation, Weather & Other IoT Sensors

4.2.2.10 Smart Baggage Handling

4.2.2.11 Asset Awareness & Tracking

4.2.2.12 Passenger Flow & Resource Management

4.2.2.13 Automation of Check-In & Boarding Procedures

4.2.2.14 Intelligent Airport Service Robots

4.2.3 Broadcasting

4.2.3.1 3GPP-Based PMSE (Program Making & Special Events)

4.2.3.2 Live AV (Audio-Visual) Media Production Using NPNs

4.2.3.3 Private 5G-Enabled Production in Remote Locations

4.2.3.4 Network Slicing for Contribution Feeds

4.2.3.5 Wire-Free Cameras & Microphones

4.2.3.6 Multicast & Broadcast Content Distribution

4.2.4 Construction

4.2.4.1 Wireless Connectivity for Construction Sites & Field Offices

4.2.4.2 Instantaneous Access to Business-Critical Applications

4.2.4.3 5G-Based Remote Control of Heavy Machinery

4.2.4.4 Autonomous Mobile Robots for Construction

4.2.4.5 IoT Sensor-Driven Maintenance of Equipment

4.2.4.6 Video Surveillance & Analytics for Site Security

4.2.4.7 Real-Time Visibility of Personnel, Assets & Materials

4.2.4.8 Aerial Surveying & Monitoring of Construction Sites

4.2.5 Education

4.2.5.1 Remote & Distance Learning Services

4.2.5.2 Mobile Access to Academic Resources

4.2.5.3 5G-Connected Smart Classrooms

4.2.5.4 Automation of Administrative Tasks

4.2.5.5 Personalized & Engaging Learning

4.2.5.6 AR/VR-Based Immersive Lessons

4.2.5.7 5G-Enabled Virtual Field Trips

4.2.5.8 Educational Telepresence Robots

4.2.6 Forestry

4.2.6.1 Wireless Connectivity for Forestry Operations & Recreation

4.2.6.2 5G-Facilitated Teleoperation of Forestry Equipment

4.2.6.3 Autonomous Harvesting & Milling Machinery

4.2.6.4 Real-Time Tracking of Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel

4.2.6.5 Cellular IoT Sensors for Biological & Environmental Monitoring

4.2.6.6 Wireless Cameras for Wildlife Observation, Conservation & Security

4.2.6.7 Early Wildfire Detection & Containment Systems

4.2.6.8 Drones for Search & Rescue Operations

4.2.7 Healthcare

4.2.7.1 5G-Connected Smart Hospitals & Healthcare Facilities

4.2.7.2 Wireless Transmission of Medical Imagery & Rich Datasets

4.2.7.3 Real-Time Monitoring of Patients in Acute & Intensive Care

4.2.7.4 Telehealth Video Consultations for Visual Assessment

4.2.7.5 Connectivity for AI-Based Healthcare Applications

4.2.7.6 AR Systems for Complex Medical Procedures

4.2.7.7 Remote-Controlled Surgery & Examination

4.2.7.8 Assisted Living & Rehabilitation Robotics

4.2.7.9 Immersive VR-Based Medical & Surgical Training

4.2.7.10 Connected Ambulances for EMS (Emergency Medical Services)

4.2.8 Manufacturing

4.2.8.1 Untethered Connectivity for Production & Process Automation

4.2.8.2 Wireless Motion Control & C2C (Control-to-Control) Communications

4.2.8.3 Cellular-Equipped Mobile Control Panels

4.2.8.4 Mobile Robots & AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles)

4.2.8.5 Autonomous Forklifts & Warehouse Robotics

4.2.8.6 AR-Facilitated Factory Floor Operations

4.2.8.7 Machine Vision-Based Quality Inspection

4.2.8.8 Closed-Loop Process Control

4.2.8.9 Process & Environmental Monitoring

4.2.8.10 Precise Indoor Positioning for Asset Management

4.2.8.11 Remote Access & Maintenance of Equipment

4.2.9 Military

4.2.9.1 5G-Based Tactical Battlefield Communications

4.2.9.2 Smart Military Bases & Command Posts

4.2.9.3 ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance)

4.2.9.4 Command & Control of Weapon Systems

4.2.9.5 Remote Operation of Robotics & Unmanned Assets

4.2.9.6 AR HUD (Heads-Up Display) Systems

4.2.9.7 Wireless VR/MR-Based Military Training

4.2.9.8 Perimeter Security & Force Protection

4.2.10 Mining

4.2.10.1 Safety-Critical Communications in Remote Mining Environments

4.2.10.2 Wireless Control of Drilling, Excavation & Related Equipment

4.2.10.3 Automated Loading, Haulage & Train Operations

4.2.10.4 Video-Based Monitoring of Personnel & Assets

4.2.10.5 Underground Positioning & Geofencing

4.2.10.6 Smart Ventilation & Water Management

4.2.10.7 Real-Time Operational Intelligence

4.2.10.8 AR & VR for Mining Operations

4.2.11 Oil & Gas

4.2.11.1 Wireless Connectivity for Remote Exploration & Production Sites

4.2.11.2 Critical Voice & Data-Based Mobile Workforce Communications

4.2.11.3 Push-to-Video & Telepresence Conferencing for Field Operations

4.2.11.4 Cellular-Equipped Surveillance Cameras for Situational Awareness

4.2.11.5 IoT Sensor-Enabled Remote Monitoring & Automation of Processes

4.2.11.6 SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) Communications

4.2.11.7 Location Services for Worker Safety & Asset Tracking

4.2.11.8 AR Smart Helmets for Hands-Free Remote Assistance

4.2.11.9 Predictive Maintenance of Oil & Gas Facilities

4.2.11.10 Mobile Robots for Safety Hazard Inspections

4.2.12 Ports & Maritime Transport

4.2.12.1 Critical Communications for Port Workers

4.2.12.2 Automation of Port & Terminal Operations

4.2.12.3 5G-Connected AGVs for Container Transport

4.2.12.4 Remote-Controlled Cranes & Terminal Tractors

4.2.12.5 Video Analytics for Operational Purposes

4.2.12.6 Environmental & Condition Monitoring

4.2.12.7 Port Traffic Management & Control

4.2.12.8 AR & VR Applications for Port Digitization

4.2.12.9 Unmanned Aerial Inspections of Port Facilities

4.2.12.10 Private Cellular-Enabled Maritime Communications

4.2.12.11 Wireless Ship-to-Shore Connectivity in Nearshore Waters

4.2.12.12 5G-Facilitated Remote Steering of Unmanned Vessels

4.2.13 Public Safety

4.2.13.1 Mission-Critical PTT Voice Communications

4.2.13.2 Real-Time Video & High-Resolution Imagery

4.2.13.3 Messaging, File Transfer & Presence Services

4.2.13.4 Secure & Seamless Mobile Broadband Access

4.2.13.5 Location-Based Services & Enhanced Mapping

4.2.13.6 Multimedia CAD (Computer-Aided Dispatch)

4.2.13.7 Massive-Scale Video Surveillance & Analytics

4.2.13.8 Smart Glasses & AR Headgear for First Responders

4.2.13.9 5G-Equipped Police, Firefighting & Rescue Robots

4.2.13.10 5G MBS/5MBS in High-Density Environments

4.2.13.11 Sidelink-Based Direct Mode Communications

4.2.14 Railways

4.2.14.1 FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System)

4.2.14.2 Train-to-Ground & Train-to-Train Connectivity

4.2.14.3 Wireless Intra-Train Communications

4.2.14.4 Rail Operations-Critical Voice, Data & Video Services

4.2.14.5 ATO (Automatic Train Operation) & Traffic Management

4.2.14.6 Video Surveillance for Operational Safety & Security

4.2.14.7 Smart Maintenance of Railway Infrastructure

4.2.14.8 Intelligent Management of Logistics Facilities

4.2.14.9 Onboard Broadband Internet Access

4.2.14.10 PIS (Passenger Information Systems)

4.2.14.11 Smart Rail & Metro Station Services

4.2.15 Utilities

4.2.15.1 Multi-Service FANs (Field Area Networks)

4.2.15.2 Critical Applications for Field Workforce Communications

4.2.15.3 AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)

4.2.15.4 DA (Distribution Automation) Systems

4.2.15.5 Microgrid & DER (Distributed Energy Resource) Integration

4.2.15.6 5G-Enabled VPPs (Virtual Power Plants)

4.2.15.7 Low-Latency SCADA Applications for Utilities

4.2.15.8 Teleprotection of Transmission & Distribution Grids

4.2.15.9 Video Monitoring for Critical Infrastructure Protection

4.2.15.10 Sensor-Based Detection of Water & Gas Leaks

4.2.15.11 AR Information Overlays for Repairs & Maintenance

4.2.15.12 Drone & Robot-Assisted Inspections of Utility Assets

4.2.15.13 Local Wireless Connectivity for Remote & Offshore Facilities

4.2.16 Warehousing & Other Verticals

5 Chapter 5: Spectrum Availability, Allocation & Usage

5.1 National & Local Area Licensed Spectrum

5.1.1 Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz)

5.1.1.1 200 – 400 MHz

5.1.1.2 410 & 450 MHz

5.1.1.3 600 MHz

5.1.1.4 700 MHz

5.1.1.5 800 MHz

5.1.1.6 900 MHz

5.1.2 Mid-Band (1 – 6 GHz)

5.1.2.1 1.4 GHz

5.1.2.2 1.6 GHz

5.1.2.3 1.8 GHz

5.1.2.4 1.9 GHz

5.1.2.5 2.1 GHz

5.1.2.6 2.3 GHz

5.1.2.7 2.4 GHz

5.1.2.8 2.5 GHz

5.1.2.9 2.6 GHz

5.1.2.10 3.4 GHz

5.1.2.11 3.5 GHz CBRS PAL Tier

5.1.2.12 3.7 – 3.8 GHz

5.1.2.13 3.8 – 4.2 GHz

5.1.2.14 4.6 – 4.9 GHz

5.1.2.15 Other Bands

5.1.3 High-Band mmWave (Millimeter Wave)

5.1.3.1 26 GHz

5.1.3.2 28 GHz

5.1.3.3 37 GHz

5.1.3.4 Other Bands

5.2 License-Exempt (Unlicensed) Spectrum

5.2.1 Sub-1 GHz Bands (470 – 790/800/900 MHz)

5.2.2 1.8 GHz DECT Guard Band

5.2.3 1.9 GHz sXGP Band

5.2.4 2.4 GHz (2,400 – 2,483.5 MHz)

5.2.5 3.5 GHz CBRS GAA Tier

5.2.6 5 GHz (5,150 – 5,925 MHz)

5.2.7 6 GHz (5,925 – 7,125 MHz)

5.2.8 60 GHz (57 – 71 GHz)

5.2.9 Other Bands

5.3 North America

5.3.1 United States

5.3.2 Canada

5.4 Asia Pacific

5.4.1 Australia

5.4.2 New Zealand

5.4.3 China

5.4.4 Hong Kong

5.4.5 Taiwan

5.4.6 Japan

5.4.7 South Korea

5.4.8 Singapore

5.4.9 Malaysia

5.4.10 Indonesia

5.4.11 Philippines

5.4.12 Thailand

5.4.13 Vietnam

5.4.14 Laos

5.4.15 Myanmar

5.4.16 India

5.4.17 Pakistan

5.4.18 Rest of Asia Pacific

5.5 Europe

5.5.1 United Kingdom

5.5.1.1 Great Britain

5.5.1.2 Northern Ireland

5.5.2 Republic of Ireland

5.5.3 France

5.5.4 Germany

5.5.5 Belgium

5.5.6 Netherlands

5.5.7 Switzerland

5.5.8 Austria

5.5.9 Italy

5.5.10 Spain

5.5.11 Portugal

5.5.12 Sweden

5.5.13 Norway

5.5.14 Denmark

5.5.15 Finland

5.5.16 Estonia

5.5.17 Czech Republic

5.5.18 Poland

5.5.19 Ukraine

5.5.20 Türkiye

5.5.21 Cyprus

5.5.22 Greece

5.5.23 Bulgaria

5.5.24 Romania

5.5.25 Hungary

5.5.26 Slovenia

5.5.27 Croatia

5.5.28 Russia

5.5.29 Belarus

5.5.30 Rest of Europe

5.6 Middle East & Africa

5.6.1 Saudi Arabia

5.6.2 United Arab Emirates

5.6.3 Qatar

5.6.4 Oman

5.6.5 Bahrain

5.6.6 Kuwait

5.6.7 Iraq

5.6.8 Jordan

5.6.9 Israel

5.6.10 Egypt

5.6.11 Algeria

5.6.12 Morocco

5.6.13 Tunisia

5.6.14 South Africa

5.6.15 Botswana

5.6.16 Zambia

5.6.17 Kenya

5.6.18 Ethiopia

5.6.19 Angola

5.6.20 Republic of the Congo

5.6.21 Gabon

5.6.22 Nigeria

5.6.23 Uganda

5.6.24 Ghana

5.6.25 Senegal

5.6.26 Rest of the Middle East & Africa

5.7 Latin & Central America

5.7.1 Brazil

5.7.2 Mexico

5.7.3 Argentina

5.7.4 Colombia

5.7.5 Chile

5.7.6 Peru

5.7.7 Ecuador

5.7.8 Bolivia

5.7.9 Dominican Republic

5.7.10 Bardados

5.7.11 Trinidad & Tobago

5.7.12 Suriname

5.7.13 Rest of Latin & Central America

6 Chapter 6: Standardization, Regulatory & Collaborative Initiatives

6.1 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)

6.1.1 Release 15: 5G eMBB Capabilities, Introduction of Network Slicing & New Operating Bands

6.1.2 Release 16: 3GPP Support for NPNs, 5G URLLC, TSN, NR-U & Vertical Application Enablers

6.1.3 Release 17: NPN Enhancements, Edge Computing, TSC, Expansion of IIoT Features, RedCap & NTN Connectivity

6.1.4 Release 18: 5G Advanced, Further NPN Refinements, DetNet, Intelligent Automation, Spectrum Flexibility & XR Services

6.1.5 Releases 19, 20, 21 & Beyond: Succession From 5G Advanced to the 6G Evolution

6.2 450 MHz Alliance

6.2.1 Promoting 3GPP Technologies in the 380 – 470 MHz Frequency Range

6.3 5G-ACIA (5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation)

6.3.1 Maximizing the Applicability of 5G Technology in the Industrial Domain

6.4 5GAIA (5G Applications Industry Array)

6.4.1 Advancing the Development of China's 5G Applications Industry

6.5 5G Campus Network Alliance

6.5.1 Supporting the Market Development of 5G Campus Networks in Germany

6.6 5GDNA (5G Deterministic Networking Alliance)

6.6.1 Industry Collaboration & Promotion of 5GDN (5G Deterministic Networking)

6.7 5GFF (5G Future Forum)

6.7.1 Accelerating the Delivery of 5G MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing) Solutions

6.8 5G Forum (South Korea)

6.8.1 Expanding Convergence Between 5G Technology & Vertical Industries

6.9 5G Health Association

6.9.1 Interfacing 5G-Based Connectivity & Healthcare Applications

6.10 5G-MAG (5G Media Action Group)

6.10.1 5G-Based NPNs in Media Production

6.11 5GMF (Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Promotion Forum, Japan)

6.11.1 Initiatives Related to Local 5G Networks in Japan

6.12 5GSA (5G Slicing Association)

6.12.1 Addressing Vertical Industry Requirements for 5G Network Slicing

6.13 6G-IA (6G Smart Networks and Services Industry Association)

6.13.1 Private 5G-Related Projects & Activities

6.14 AGURRE (Association of Major Users of Operational Radio Networks, France)

6.14.1 Spectrum Access, Regulatory Framework & Industrial Ecosystem for Private Mobile Networks

6.15 APCO (Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials) International

6.15.1 Public Safety 5G-Related Advocacy Efforts

6.16 ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)

6.16.1 Deployment & Operational Requirements of 5G-Based NPNs

6.16.2 Shared HNI & IBN Administration for CBRS Spectrum

6.16.3 Other Private 5G-Related Initiatives

6.17 BTG (Dutch Association of Large-Scale ICT & Telecommunications Users)

6.17.1 KMBG (Dutch Critical Mobile Broadband Users) Expert Group

6.18 B-TrunC (Broadband Trunking Communication) Industry Alliance

6.18.1 B-TrunC Standard for 3GPP-Based Critical Communications

6.19 CAMET (China Association of Metros)

6.19.1 Adoption of 3GPP Networks for Urban Rail Transit Systems

6.20 CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)

6.20.1 Common Spectrum Policies for Local 5G, PPDR Broadband & FRMCS

6.21 DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Alliance)

6.21.1 Promoting Unlicensed & Dynamic Access to Spectrum

6.22 Electricity Canada (Canadian Electricity Association)

6.22.1 PVNO & Dedicated Spectrum for Smart Grid Communications

6.23 ENTELEC (Energy Telecommunications and Electrical Association)

6.23.1 Policy Advocacy & Other Private 5G-Related Activities

6.24 EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute)

6.24.1 Research & Guidelines in Support of 3GPP-Based Utility Communications

6.25 ERA (European Union Agency for Railways)

6.25.1 Evolution of Railway Radio Communication Project

6.26 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

6.26.1 Technical Specifications for FRMCS, PPDR Broadband, MCX & TETRA-3GPP Interworking

6.26.2 Other Work Relevant to Private 5G Networks

6.27 EU-Rail (Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking)

6.27.1 FRMCS-Related Research & Innovation Activities

6.28 EUTC (European Utilities Telecom Council)

6.28.1 Addressing 5G-Related Requirements for European Utilities

6.29 EUWENA (European Users of Enterprise Wireless Networks Association)

6.29.1 Catalyzing the Wider Adoption of 3GPP-Based Private Networks

6.30 EWA (Enterprise Wireless Alliance)

6.30.1 Supporting the Private Wireless Industry in the United States

6.31 free5GC

6.31.1 Open-Source 5GC Software

6.32 GSA (Global Mobile Suppliers Association)

6.32.1 Advocacy for Private Mobile Networks

6.33 GSMA (GSM Association)

6.33.1 Guidelines for 5G Private & Dedicated Networks

6.34 GUTMA (Global UTM Association)

6.34.1 ACJA (Aerial Connectivity Joint Activity) Initiative

6.35 ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

6.35.1 International & Regional Harmonization of 5G Spectrum

6.35.2 Defining the Role of IMT-2020 to Support Vertical Applications

6.36 JOTS (Joint Operators Technical Specification) Forum

6.36.1 NHIB (Neutral Host In-Building) Specification

6.37 JRC (Joint Radio Company)

6.37.1 Supporting 5G-Based Smart Grid Initiatives

6.38 KRRI (Korea Railroad Research Institute)

6.38.1 Functional Testing & Certification of 3GPP-Based Railway Communications Systems

6.39 LF (Linux Foundation)

6.39.1 Magma Mobile Core Software Platform

6.39.2 LF Networking's 5G Super Blueprint

6.39.3 LF Edge's Akraino Private 5G ICN (Integrated Cloud-Native) Blueprint

6.39.4 Other Projects Relevant to Private 5G Networks

6.40 MFA (Alliance for Private Networks)

6.40.1 Uni5G Technology Blueprints for Private 5G Networks

6.40.2 Network Identifier Program Supporting Private & Neutral Host Networks

6.41 MSSA (Mobile Satellite Services Association)

6.41.1 Advancing the Global Direct-to-Device NTN Ecosystem

6.42 NGA (Next G Alliance)

6.42.1 Building the Foundation for North American Leadership in 6G

6.43 NGMN (Next-Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance

6.43.1 Work Related to Private 5G & Network Slicing

6.44 NSC (National Spectrum Consortium)

6.44.1 Enhancing Spectrum Superiority & 5G Capabilities for Federal Users

6.45 OCP (Open Compute Project) Foundation

6.45.1 Initiatives Aimed at Open Designs for Telco Hardware

6.46 one6G Association

6.46.1 Driving 6G Innovation & Development Across Vertical Industries

6.47 ONF (Open Networking Foundation)

6.47.1 Aether Private 5G Connected Edge Platform

6.47.2 SD-RAN, SD-Core, OMEC & Other Relevant Projects

6.48 OnGo Alliance

6.48.1 Promoting 5G OnGo Wireless Network Technology

6.48.2 Technical Specifications & Guidelines for 5G NR-Based CBRS Networks

6.48.3 Product Certification Program Supporting Multi-Vendor Interoperability

6.49 OPC Foundation

6.49.1 OPC UA (Unified Architecture) Over 5G for Industry 4.0 Applications

6.50 Open RAN Policy Coalition

6.50.1 Promoting Policies to Drive the Adoption of Open RAN

6.51 Open5GCore

6.51.1 Vendor-Independent 5GC Implementation

6.52 Open5GS & NextEPC

6.52.1 Open-Source 5GC & EPC Software

6.53 OpenInfra (Open Infrastructure) Foundation

6.53.1 StarlingX Software Stack for Ultra-Low Latency Edge Applications

6.53.2 OpenStack Cloud Software & Other Projects

6.54 O-RAN Alliance

6.54.1 O-RAN Architecture Specifications

6.54.2 O-RAN SC (Software Community)

6.54.3 Testing & Integration Support

6.55 OSA (OpenAirInterface Software Alliance)

6.55.1 OAI (OpenAirInterface) 5G RAN, Core & MOSAIC5G Projects

6.56 PIA (PSBN Innovation Alliance)

6.56.1 PSBN (Public Safety Broadband Network) Governance in Canada's Ontario Province

6.57 PMeV (German Professional Mobile Radio Association)

6.57.1 Professional Broadband & 5G Campus Network-Related Activities

6.58 PSBTA (Public Safety Broadband Technology Association)

6.58.1 Public Safety 5G-Related Activities

6.59 PSCE (Public Safety Communication Europe)

6.59.1 Public Safety Broadband-Related Standardization Activities

6.59.2 BroadX Projects: Pan-European Interoperable Mobile Broadband System for Public Safety

6.60 Safe-Net Forum

6.60.1 Technical & Policy Guidance for 3GPP-Based Critical Communications Networks

6.61 SCF (Small Cell Forum)

6.61.1 Reference Blueprints for Private 5G Networks

6.61.2 Neutral Hosting, Edge Computing & Other Relevant Work

6.62 Seamless Air Alliance

6.62.1 Leading Global Standards for Inflight Connectivity

6.63 SimpleRAN

6.63.1 Ensuring Interoperability & Transparency in the vRAN Ecosystem

6.64 srsRAN Project

6.64.1 Open-Source 5G Software Suite

6.65 TCA (Trusted Connectivity Alliance)

6.65.1 5G SIM/eSIM Recommendations for Private Networks

6.66 TCCA (The Critical Communications Association)

6.66.1 CCBG (Critical Communications Broadband Group)

6.66.2 BIG (Broadband Industry Group)

6.66.3 SCADA, Smart Grid & IoT Group

6.66.4 Future Technologies Group

6.67 techUK

6.67.1 SPF (Spectrum Policy Forum)

6.68 TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)

6.68.1 Defining Requirements for LMR-3GPP Interworking & Critical Broadband Capabilities

6.69 TIP (Telecom Infra Project)

6.69.1 5G Private Networks Solution Group

6.69.2 Neutral Host NaaS Solution Group

6.69.3 OpenRAN & Open Core Network Groups

6.69.4 Other Relevant Product & Solution Groups

6.70 TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea)

6.70.1 Standardization Efforts for 3GPP-Based Public Safety, Railway & Maritime Communications

6.71 U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)

6.71.1 Public Safety Broadband & 5G-Related R&D Initiatives

6.72 U.S. NPSTC (National Public Safety Telecommunications Council)

6.72.1 Leadership for LMR-3GPP Interworking & Public Safety Broadband Communications

6.73 U.S. NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration)

6.73.1 Wireless Innovation & Supply Chain Security

6.74 UBBA (Utility Broadband Alliance)

6.74.1 Championing the Advancement of Private Broadband Networks for Utilities

6.75 UIC (International Union of Railways)

6.75.1 FRMCS Program for the Replacement of GSM-R Networks

6.76 UK5G Innovation Network

6.76.1 Promoting Private 5G Adoption Projects, Testbeds & Trials

6.77 UNIFE (The European Rail Supply Industry Association)

6.77.1 UNITEL Committee: Development & Implementation of FRMCS

6.78 UTC (Utilities Technology Council)

6.78.1 Private 5G-Related Advocacy, Technology Development & Policy Efforts

6.79 UTCAL (Utilities Telecom & Technology Council América Latina)

6.79.1 Promoting Private 5G Networks for Latin American Utilities

6.80 VDMA (German Mechanical and Plant Engineering Association)

6.80.1 Guidelines for 5G in Mechanical & Plant Engineering

6.81 WBA (Wireless Broadband Alliance)

6.81.1 5G & Wi-Fi Convergence in Private 5G Networks

6.81.2 OpenRoaming for Private 5G

6.82 WhiteSpace Alliance

6.82.1 Promoting the Use of 3GPP, IEEE & IETF Standards for TVWS Spectrum

6.83 WInnForum (Wireless Innovation Forum)

6.83.1 CBRS Standards for the Implementation of FCC Rulemaking

6.83.2 6 GHz Unlicensed Sharing & Other Committees

6.84 XGP (eXtended Global Platform) Forum

6.84.1 Development & Promotion of the sXGP Unlicensed Service

6.85 Others

6.85.1 Vendor-Led Private 5G Alliances

6.85.2 National Government Agencies & Regulators

6.85.3 Regional & Country-Specific Associations

6.85.4 Global Industry Initiatives & Organizations

7 Chapter 7: Case Studies of Private 5G Networks

7.1 ABP (Associated British Ports): Shared Access License-Enabled Private 5G Network for Port of Southampton

7.1.1 Operational Model

7.1.2 Spectrum Type

7.1.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.1.4 Deployment Summary

7.2 Adif AV (Alta Velocidad): Private 5G Infrastructure for Wireless Access in Strategic Logistics Terminals

7.2.1 Operational Model

7.2.2 Spectrum Type

7.2.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.2.4 Deployment Summary

7.3 Agnico Eagle Mines: Streamlining Mining Operations With Industrial-Grade Private 5G Networks

7.3.1 Operational Model

7.3.2 Spectrum Type

7.3.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.3.4 Deployment Summary

7.4 Airbus: Multi-Campus Private Cellular Network for Aircraft Manufacturing Facilities Across Europe

7.4.1 Operational Model

7.4.2 Spectrum Type

7.4.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.4.4 Deployment Summary

7.5 ANA (All Nippon Airways): Local 5G-Powered Digital Transformation of Aviation Training

7.5.1 Operational Model

7.5.2 Spectrum Type

7.5.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.5.4 Deployment Summary

7.6 ArcelorMittal: 5G Steel Project for Industrial Digitization & Automation

7.6.1 Operational Model

7.6.2 Spectrum Type

7.6.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.6.4 Deployment Summary

7.7 ASE Group: 28 GHz mmWave 5G Network for Semiconductor Manufacturing

7.7.1 Operational Model

7.7.2 Spectrum Type

7.7.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.7.4 Deployment Summary

7.8 ASN (Alcatel Submarine Networks): Private 5G Networks for Calais & Greenwich Production Sites

7.8.1 Operational Model

7.8.2 Spectrum Type

7.8.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.8.4 Deployment Summary

7.9 BAM Nuttall: Accelerating Innovation at Construction Sites With Private 5G Networks

7.9.1 Operational Model

7.9.2 Spectrum Type

7.9.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.9.4 Deployment Summary

7.10 Barcelona Port Authority: Standalone Private 5G Network for 500 Tenant Companies

7.10.1 Operational Model

7.10.2 Spectrum Type

7.10.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.10.4 Deployment Summary

7.11 BASF: 5G Campus Networks for Real-Time Wireless Connectivity in Chemical Production Sites

7.11.1 Operational Model

7.11.2 Spectrum Type

7.11.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.11.4 Deployment Summary

7.12 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation): Portable 5G-Based NPN Solution for News Contribution

7.12.1 Operational Model

7.12.2 Spectrum Type

7.12.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.12.4 Deployment Summary

7.13 BHP: Transitioning From Private LTE to Standalone 5G Networks for Advanced Digitization & Automation

7.13.1 Operational Model

7.13.2 Spectrum Type

7.13.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.13.4 Deployment Summary

7.14 BlackRock: On-Premise Private 5G Network Installation for New York Global Headquarters

7.14.1 Operational Model

7.14.2 Spectrum Type

7.14.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.14.4 Deployment Summary

7.15 BMW Group: Private 5G Networks for Autonomous Intralogistics in Production Plants

7.15.1 Operational Model

7.15.2 Spectrum Type

7.15.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.15.4 Deployment Summary

7.16 Boston Children's Hospital: Scalable Hybrid Public-Private 5G Network for Connected Healthcare

7.16.1 Operational Model

7.16.2 Spectrum Type

7.16.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.16.4 Deployment Summary

7.17 BT Media & Broadcast: Private 5G Networks for Live Sports Content Production

7.17.1 Operational Model

7.17.2 Spectrum Type

7.17.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.17.4 Deployment Summary

7.18 Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University): Converged Public-Private 5G Network

7.18.1 Operational Model

7.18.2 Spectrum Type

7.18.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.18.4 Deployment Summary

7.19 China National Coal Group: Multi-Band 700 MHz & 2.6 GHz Private 5G Network for Dahaize Coal Mine

7.19.1 Operational Model

7.19.2 Spectrum Type

7.19.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.19.4 Deployment Summary

7.20 CJ Logistics: Bolstering Fulfillment Center Productivity Using Private 5G Network

7.20.1 Operational Model

7.20.2 Spectrum Type

7.20.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.20.4 Deployment Summary

7.21 Cleveland Clinic: Private 5G Network for Mentor Hospital

7.21.1 Operational Model

7.21.2 Spectrum Type

7.21.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.21.4 Deployment Summary

7.22 Cologne Bonn Airport: Revolutionizing Internal Operations With Private 5G Campus Network

7.22.1 Operational Model

7.22.2 Spectrum Type

7.22.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.22.4 Deployment Summary

7.23 COMAC (Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China): 5G-Connected Intelligent Aircraft Manufacturing Factories

7.23.1 Operational Model

7.23.2 Spectrum Type

7.23.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.23.4 Deployment Summary

7.24 CSG (China Southern Power Grid): Harnessing Private Cellular Systems & 5G Network Slicing for Smart Grid Operations

7.24.1 Operational Model

7.24.2 Spectrum Type

7.24.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.24.4 Deployment Summary

7.25 DB (Deutsche Bahn): Digitizing & Automating Rail Operations With 5G-Based FRMCS

7.25.1 Operational Model

7.25.2 Spectrum Type

7.25.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.25.4 Deployment Summary

7.26 Delta Electronics: Private 5G Networks for Manufacturing Facilities in Taiwan & Thailand

7.26.1 Operational Model

7.26.2 Spectrum Type

7.26.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.26.4 Deployment Summary

7.27 District of Ban Chang: 26 GHz mmWave Private 5G Network for Smart City Services

7.27.1 Operational Model

7.27.2 Spectrum Type

7.27.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.27.4 Deployment Summary

7.28 Dongyi Group Coal Gasification Company: Hybrid Public-Private Network for Xinyan Coal Mine

7.28.1 Operational Model

7.28.2 Spectrum Type

7.28.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.28.4 Deployment Summary

7.29 EHIME CATV: Gigabit-Grade FWA Service Using 28 GHz Local 5G Network

7.29.1 Operational Model

7.29.2 Spectrum Type

7.29.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.29.4 Deployment Summary

7.30 Estonian Ministry of Defense: Private 5G Network for CR14 (Cyber Range 14)

7.30.1 Operational Model

7.30.2 Spectrum Type

7.30.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.30.4 Deployment Summary

7.31 EUROGATE: 5G Campus Networks for the Digitization of Port Logistics

7.31.1 Operational Model

7.31.2 Spectrum Type

7.31.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.31.4 Deployment Summary

7.32 EWG (East-West Gate) Intermodal Terminal: Private 5G Network for Smart Railway Logistics

7.32.1 Operational Model

7.32.2 Spectrum Type

7.32.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.32.4 Deployment Summary

7.33 Ferrovial: Standalone Private 5G Network for Silvertown Tunnel Project

7.33.1 Operational Model

7.33.2 Spectrum Type

7.33.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.33.4 Deployment Summary

7.34 Fiskarheden: Local 3.7 GHz License-Based Private 5G Network for Transtrand Sawmill

7.34.1 Operational Model

7.34.2 Spectrum Type

7.34.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.34.4 Deployment Summary

7.35 Frankfurt University Hospital: Dedicated 5G Network for Secure Medical Messaging & Remote Diagnostics

7.35.1 Operational Model

7.35.2 Spectrum Type

7.35.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.35.4 Deployment Summary

7.36 Fraport: Private 5G Campus Network for Future-Oriented Operations at Frankfurt Airport

7.36.1 Operational Model

7.36.2 Spectrum Type

7.36.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.36.4 Deployment Summary

7.37 Fujitsu: Japan's First 5G Network Installation Based on 28 GHz Local 5G Spectrum

7.37.1 Operational Model

7.37.2 Spectrum Type

7.37.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.37.4 Deployment Summary

7.38 Gerdau: Private 5G Network for Ouro Branco Steel Production Plant

7.38.1 Operational Model

7.38.2 Spectrum Type

7.38.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.38.4 Deployment Summary

7.39 Gogo Business Aviation: 5G A2G Wireless Network for Inflight Connectivity

7.39.1 Operational Model

7.39.2 Spectrum Type

7.39.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.39.4 Deployment Summary

7.40 Guangzhou Metro: 5G + Smart Metro Project for Urban Rail Transit

7.40.1 Operational Model

7.40.2 Spectrum Type

7.40.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.40.4 Deployment Summary

7.41 Hanshin Electric Railway: Capitalizing on Local 5G for Safer & Efficient Railway Operations

7.41.1 Operational Model

7.41.2 Spectrum Type

7.41.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.41.4 Deployment Summary

7.42 Helios Park Hospital: Enhancing Medical System Efficiency With Standalone 5G Campus Network

7.42.1 Operational Model

7.42.2 Spectrum Type

7.42.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.42.4 Deployment Summary

7.43 Hip Hing Engineering: Dedicated 5G Network for Kai Tak Sports Park

7.43.1 Operational Model

7.43.2 Spectrum Type

7.43.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.43.4 Deployment Summary

7.44 Hiroshima Gas: Local 5G-Powered Safety Operations at Hatsukaichi LNG Terminal

7.44.1 Operational Model

7.44.2 Spectrum Type

7.44.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.44.4 Deployment Summary

7.45 HKIA (Hong Kong International Airport): 28 GHz Public-Private 5G Infrastructure Project

7.45.1 Operational Model

7.45.2 Spectrum Type

7.45.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.45.4 Deployment Summary

7.46 Hoban Construction: 4.7 GHz Private 5G Network for Apartment Complex Worksite

7.46.1 Operational Model

7.46.2 Spectrum Type

7.46.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.46.4 Deployment Summary

7.47 Hsinchu City Fire Department: Satellite-Backhauled Private 5G Network for PPDR Communications

7.47.1 Operational Model

7.47.2 Spectrum Type

7.47.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.47.4 Deployment Summary

7.48 Hutchison Ports: Driving the Digitization & Automation of Ports Through Private 5G Networks

7.48.1 Operational Model

7.48.2 Spectrum Type

7.48.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.48.4 Deployment Summary

7.49 Inventec Corporation: Standalone Private 5G Network for Taoyuan Guishan Plant

7.49.1 Operational Model

7.49.2 Spectrum Type

7.49.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.49.4 Deployment Summary

7.50 IRFU (Irish Rugby Football Union): Enabling Fast In-Play Data Analysis With Private 5G Network

7.50.1 Operational Model

7.50.2 Spectrum Type

7.50.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.50.4 Deployment Summary

7.51 Jacto: Private 5G Network for Paulópolis Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Plant

7.51.1 Operational Model

7.51.2 Spectrum Type

7.51.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.51.4 Deployment Summary

7.52 JBG SMITH Properties: National Landing Private 5G Infrastructure Platform

7.52.1 Operational Model

7.52.2 Spectrum Type

7.52.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.52.4 Deployment Summary

7.53 JD Logistics: Migrating AGV Communications From Wi-Fi to Private 5G Networks

7.53.1 Operational Model

7.53.2 Spectrum Type

7.53.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.53.4 Deployment Summary

7.54 John Deere: Employing Private 5G Networks to Unshackle Industrial Facilities From Cables

7.54.1 Operational Model

7.54.2 Spectrum Type

7.54.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.54.4 Deployment Summary

7.55 Kansai Electric Power: Enhancing Power Station & Wind Farm Maintenance Using Local 5G Networks

7.55.1 Operational Model

7.55.2 Spectrum Type

7.55.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.55.4 Deployment Summary

7.56 Kaohsiung City Police Department: Sliced Private 5G Network for Smart Patrol Cars

7.56.1 Operational Model

7.56.2 Spectrum Type

7.56.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.56.4 Deployment Summary

7.57 Kawasaki Heavy Industries: Connecting Smart Factory Robotics With Local 5G Technology

7.57.1 Operational Model

7.57.2 Spectrum Type

7.57.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.57.4 Deployment Summary

7.58 KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation): Private 5G Networks for Substation Management

7.58.1 Operational Model

7.58.2 Spectrum Type

7.58.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.58.4 Deployment Summary

7.59 Kumagai Gumi: Unleashing the Potential of Unmanned Construction Using Local 5G Networks

7.59.1 Operational Model

7.59.2 Spectrum Type

7.59.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.59.4 Deployment Summary

7.60 Latvian Ministry of Defense: Camp Ādaži 5G Testbed for Defense Innovations

7.60.1 Operational Model

7.60.2 Spectrum Type

7.60.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.60.4 Deployment Summary

7.61 Lishui Municipal Emergency Management: 5G-Enabled Natural Disaster Management System

7.61.1 Operational Model

7.61.2 Spectrum Type

7.61.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.61.4 Deployment Summary

7.62 Liverpool 5G Create Project: Standalone Private 5G Network for Digital Health, Education & Social Care

7.62.1 Operational Model

7.62.2 Spectrum Type

7.62.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.62.4 Deployment Summary

7.63 Lufthansa Technik: Industrial-Grade 5G Campus Network for Hamburg Engine Shops

7.63.1 Operational Model

7.63.2 Spectrum Type

7.63.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.63.4 Deployment Summary

7.64 Mercedes-Benz Group: World's First 5G Campus Network for Automotive Production

7.64.1 Operational Model

7.64.2 Spectrum Type

7.64.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.64.4 Deployment Summary

7.65 Midea Group: 5G-Connected Factories for Washing Machine Manufacturing

7.65.1 Operational Model

7.65.2 Spectrum Type

7.65.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.65.4 Deployment Summary

7.66 Mitsubishi Electric: Local 5G-Based Industrial Wireless System for Factory Automation

7.66.1 Operational Model

7.66.2 Spectrum Type

7.66.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.66.4 Deployment Summary

7.67 Narita International Airport: Local 5G Network for Self-Driving Shuttle Buses & Critical Communications

7.67.1 Operational Model

7.67.2 Spectrum Type

7.67.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.67.4 Deployment Summary

7.68 Navantia: Digital Transformation of Shipyard Operations Using Dedicated 5G Infrastructure & Edge Computing

7.68.1 Operational Model

7.68.2 Spectrum Type

7.68.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.68.4 Deployment Summary

7.69 NEC Corporation: Improving Production Efficiency With Local 5G-Connected Autonomous Transport System

7.69.1 Operational Model

7.69.2 Spectrum Type

7.69.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.69.4 Deployment Summary

7.70 NLMK Group: Digitizing Steel Production & Mining Operations With Private Wireless Networks

7.70.1 Operational Model

7.70.2 Spectrum Type

7.70.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.70.4 Deployment Summary

7.71 Norwegian Armed Forces: Defense-Specific Network Slices & Tactical Private 5G Systems

7.71.1 Operational Model

7.71.2 Spectrum Type

7.71.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.71.4 Deployment Summary

7.72 PCK Raffinerie: Accelerating Oil Refinery Digitization With 5G Campus Network

7.72.1 Operational Model

7.72.2 Spectrum Type

7.72.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.72.4 Deployment Summary

7.73 Port of Tyne: Advancing Smart Port Transformation With Private 5G Network

7.73.1 Operational Model

7.73.2 Spectrum Type

7.73.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.73.4 Deployment Summary

7.74 POSCO: Leveraging Private 5G to Link Autonomous Locomotives & Railway Control Systems

7.74.1 Operational Model

7.74.2 Spectrum Type

7.74.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.74.4 Deployment Summary

7.75 PSA International: Private 5G Networks for Container Terminal Operations

7.75.1 Operational Model

7.75.2 Spectrum Type

7.75.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.75.4 Deployment Summary

7.76 Ricoh: Embracing Digital Innovation in Production Operations With Local 5G Networks

7.76.1 Operational Model

7.76.2 Spectrum Type

7.76.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.76.4 Deployment Summary

7.77 Robert Bosch: Automating & Digitizing Manufacturing Facilities With Private 5G Networks

7.77.1 Operational Model

7.77.2 Spectrum Type

7.77.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.77.4 Deployment Summary

7.78 ROKN (Republic of Korea Navy): Secure Private 5G Network for Second Fleet Operations

7.78.1 Operational Model

7.78.2 Spectrum Type

7.78.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.78.4 Deployment Summary

7.79 Ryder Cup Golf Competition: Integrated Private 5G/Wi-Fi Network for Fans & Staff

7.79.1 Operational Model

7.79.2 Spectrum Type

7.79.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.79.4 Deployment Summary

7.80 São Martinho: Pioneering Smart Agribusiness Innovations With Private 5G Networks

7.80.1 Operational Model

7.80.2 Spectrum Type

7.80.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.80.4 Deployment Summary

7.81 SCA (Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget): Local 5G Connectivity for Timber Terminals & Paper Mills

7.81.1 Operational Model

7.81.2 Spectrum Type

7.81.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.81.4 Deployment Summary

7.82 SGCC (State Grid Corporation of China): Sliced Public-Private 5G & 5.8 GHz Private NR-U Networks

7.82.1 Operational Model

7.82.2 Spectrum Type

7.82.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.82.4 Deployment Summary

7.83 Siemens: Independently Developed Private 5G Infrastructure for Industry 4.0 Applications

7.83.1 Operational Model

7.83.2 Spectrum Type

7.83.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.83.4 Deployment Summary

7.84 Sinopec (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation): 5G + Smart Petrochemical Project

7.84.1 Operational Model

7.84.2 Spectrum Type

7.84.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.84.4 Deployment Summary

7.85 SMC (Samsung Medical Center): On-Premise Private 5G Network for Medical Education

7.85.1 Operational Model

7.85.2 Spectrum Type

7.85.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.85.4 Deployment Summary

7.86 Snam: Hybrid 5G MPN (Mobile Private Network) for 23 Plants

7.86.1 Operational Model

7.86.2 Spectrum Type

7.86.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.86.4 Deployment Summary

7.87 SNCF (French National Railways): Enabling Rail Innovations With 5G Technology

7.87.1 Operational Model

7.87.2 Spectrum Type

7.87.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.87.4 Deployment Summary

7.88 Swedish Armed Forces: Tactical 5G Bubbles for Secure Military Communications

7.88.1 Operational Model

7.88.2 Spectrum Type

7.88.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.88.4 Deployment Summary

7.89 TBN (Trinity Broadcasting Network): Private 5G Network for Broadcast Studio

7.89.1 Operational Model

7.89.2 Spectrum Type

7.89.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.89.4 Deployment Summary

7.90 Tianjin Port Group: On-Premise 5G Infrastructure for Intelligent & Automated Port Operations

7.90.1 Operational Model

7.90.2 Spectrum Type

7.90.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.90.4 Deployment Summary

7.91 Tokyo Metropolitan University: L5G (Local 5G) Project in Support of "Future Tokyo" Strategy

7.91.1 Operational Model

7.91.2 Spectrum Type

7.91.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.91.4 Deployment Summary

7.92 U.S. DOD (Department of Defense): Expanding 5G-Enabled Communications & Warfighting Capabilities

7.92.1 Operational Model

7.92.2 Spectrum Type

7.92.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.92.4 Deployment Summary

7.93 UKD (University Hospital of Düsseldorf): Improving Patient Care & Saving Lives With 5G Campus Network

7.93.1 Operational Model

7.93.2 Spectrum Type

7.93.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.93.4 Deployment Summary

7.94 Ushino Nakayama: Transforming Kagoshima Wagyu Beef Production With Local 5G Connectivity

7.94.1 Operational Model

7.94.2 Spectrum Type

7.94.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.94.4 Deployment Summary

7.95 VA Palo Alto Health Care System: Campus-Wide Private 5G Network for Clinical Care Applications

7.95.1 Operational Model

7.95.2 Spectrum Type

7.95.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.95.4 Deployment Summary

7.96 Volkswagen Group: Private 5G for Smart Manufacturing & Intelligent Vehicle Development

7.96.1 Operational Model

7.96.2 Spectrum Type

7.96.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.96.4 Deployment Summary

7.97 VPA (Virginia Port Authority): Private 5G Connectivity for Semi-Automated Container Terminals

7.97.1 Operational Model

7.97.2 Spectrum Type

7.97.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.97.4 Deployment Summary

7.98 West China Second University Hospital (Sichuan University): Enabling Smart Healthcare With Private 5G Network

7.98.1 Operational Model

7.98.2 Spectrum Type

7.98.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.98.4 Deployment Summary

7.99 WISCO (Wuhan Iron & Steel Corporation): Dual-Layer 2.1 GHz & 3.5 GHz Private 5G Network for Steel Plant

7.99.1 Operational Model

7.99.2 Spectrum Type

7.99.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.99.4 Deployment Summary

7.100 X Shore: Empowering Electric Boat Manufacturing With Private 5G Network

7.100.1 Operational Model

7.100.2 Spectrum Type

7.100.3 Integrators & Suppliers

7.100.4 Deployment Summary

8 Chapter 8: Key Ecosystem Players

8.1 10T Tech

8.2 1NCE

8.3 1oT

8.4 2TEST (Alkor-Communication)